The Nest: Top 100 Favorite Catholic Churches

So this idea came to me as I was studying the saints and realized how many churches were dedicated to them. I was also interested in the sacred relics and tomb locations of many of these saints. I then quickly discovered as I wrote this post that most great churches are actually dedicated to Mother Mary. However nonetheless all the great saints are honored in these churches in various ways (relics, tombs, mosaics, sculptures, stained-glass windows, shrines). It's actually quite a beautiful thing I love about being Catholic. It's our rich history of iconography and great architecture. The glory of God, Jesus, the Holy Spirit, mother Mary, the angels, and the saints are triumphantly displayed thru magnificent pomp and pure art. This could really be said about every aspect of the Catholic church, but for now I want to focus primarily on the architecture.

Although I don't have any real architecture or engineering experience, I have always enjoyed the aesthetic quality of great building. The word itself "architecture" sounds like "art" because it is an artform. It's a design and construction that must not only serve a purpose but also do so in a visually pleasing manner. It's also quite different then other artforms, in that it is a major undertaking and collaborative effort. It requires not only a brilliant concept, but also the resources, finances, and manpower. Many of the churches on this list have taken over 600 years to fully complete. While modern skyscrapers are cool to look at it, nothing quite hits like a castle or cathedral that has truly withstood the test of time.

I've always included architecture landmarks in my cultural studies, and made a thorough list of my favorite architecture a few years ago. One of the categories I wrote about was my favorite cathedrals (see Top Ten Cathedrals). However this was just scratching the surface of the most famous monuments. This time around I wanted a much deeper dive into all the major churches I've often seen and read about. It was quite an ambitious project and took me over 3 weeks to study and write (mostly during my downtime at work). There were just so many I loved, and even 100 seemed like not enough. There were some I just hated to cut from this list, but I will still include them as honorable mentions.

I decided I wanted the list to be a study of all the great and most famous Catholic churches. Thus this will exclude a lot of the famous Protestant churches (many of which were once Catholic churches but were converted). I will also be excluding eastern Orthodox churches (even though they technically fall under the Catholic Church, it's a very different tradition). My ranking here is based on the historical, sacred, and pure architectural significance of the building. Many of these churches are fairly simple designs but sit on a very sacred site, and that alone gives them monumental prestige. This list will include churches, cathedrals, basilicas, abbeys, and chapels. I tried my best to get a global perspective, but the honest truth is that most of the great churches are located in Europe (spoiler: mostly France, Italy, and Spain). Ultimately this is my own personal taste and there may be some bias towards churches I have seen. But there's so many more I have not seen, and probably am still missing from this list. I just wish I had the time and money to see them all. Maybe some day I can go on an epic pilgrimage and walk along the Via Dolorosa.

Top 10 Catholic Churches We Have Lost

Abbey of Monte Cassino (Cassino, Italy) 529-1944 (WWII bombing)
Frauenkirche (Dresden, Germany) 1726-1945 (WWII bombing)
Abbey of Saint-Jean-des-Vignes (Soissons, France) 12th century-1790s (French Revolution)
St. Andrew's Cathedral (Fife, Scotland)1158-1560s (Protestant Reformation)
Cluny Abbey (Loire, France) 12th cenutry-1790s (French Revolution)
St. Nicholas Church (Hamburg, Germany)1846-1943 (WWII bombing)
Old St. Paul's Cathedral (London, England) 1087-1666 (Great London Fire)
St. Lambert's Cathedral (Liege, Belgium) 8th century-1790s (French Revolution)
Old St. Peter's Basilica (Roman Empire) 4th century-1500s (Demolish for replacement)
Church of the Holy Apostles (Constantinople) 4th century-1453 (Ottoman Conquest)

Top 25 Former Catholic Churches

Hagia Irene (Istanbul, Turkey) 4th century-1453 (Islam)
Chester Cathedral (Chester, England) 1093-1536 (Anglican)
Magdeburg Cathedral (Magdeburg, Germany) 1209-1520 (Lutheran)
Nidaros Cathedral (Trondheim, Norway) 1070-1537 (Lutheran)
Wells Cathedral (Wells, England) 1175-1490 (Anglican)
Pammakaristos Church (Istanbul, Turkey) 11th century-1591 (Islam)
Gloucester Cathedral (Gloucester, England) 1089-1534 (Anglican)
Ribe Cathedral (Ribe, Denmark) 1150-1536 (Lutheran)
St. Albans Cathedral (St. Albans, England) 1077-1534 (Anglican)
Uppsala Cathedral (Uppsala, Sweden) 1270-1527 (Lutheran)
Salisbury Cathedral (Salisbury, England) 1220-1258 (Anglican)
Utrecht Cathedral (Utrecht, Netherlands) 1254-1517 (Protestant)
Rosklide Cathedral (Roskilde, Denmark) 1170- 1536 (Lutheran)
Winchester Cathedral (Winchester, England) 1079-1532 (Anglican)
Berlin Cathedral (Berlin, Germany) 1451-1539 (German Protestant)
St. Patrick's Cathedral (Dublin, Ireland) 1191-1270 (Anglican)
York Minster (York, England) 1220-1534 (Anglican)
St. Giles (Edinburg, Scotland) 14th century-1560 (Presbyterian)
Durham Cathedral (Durham, England) 1093-1534 (Anglican)
Chora Church (Istanbul, Turkey) 4th century-1511 (Islam)
Lincoln Cathedral (Lincoln, England) 1072-1534 (Anglican)
Ulm Minster (Ulm, Germany) 1377-1531 (Lutheran)
Westminster Abbey (London, England) 960-1534 (Anglican)
Canterbury Cathedral (Canterbury, England) 597-1534 (Anglican)
Hagia Sophia (Istanbul, Turkey) 537-1453 (Islam)

Catholic Church Honorable Mention

Tours Cathedral (Cathedral of Saint Gatien) – Tours, France
Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba – Córdoba, Spain
St. Patrick's Cathedral- Melbourne, Australia
Basilica of Saint Mary- Minneapolis, Minnesota
Beauvais Cathedral (Cathedral of Saint Peter) – Beauvais, France
Amalfi Cathedral (St. Andrew's Cathedral) – Amalfi, Italy
Church of Saint-Bruno – Voiron, France
National Basilica of the Sacred Heart (Koekelberg Basilica) – Brussels, Belgium
Albi Cathedral (Cathedral of Saint Cecilia) – Albi, France
Basilica of Notre-Dame des Enfants – Châteauneuf-sur-Cher, France
Basilica of the Holy Blood – Bruges, Belgium (Note: Your list left the country blank here)
San Giorgio Maggiore – Venice, Italy
Basilica of St. Anne de Detroit – Detroit, Michigan, USA
St. Florian's Cathedral – Warsaw, Poland
New Cathedral (Mariendom) – Linz, Austria
Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral – Clermont-Ferrand, France
St. Louis Cathedral – New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
Le Puy Cathedral – Le Puy-en-Velay, France
Valencia Cathedral – Valencia, Spain
Tarragona Cathedral – Tarragona, Spain
Siguenza Cathedral – Sigüenza, Spain
Cathedral Basilica of the Sacred Heart – Newark, New Jersey, USA
Málaga Cathedral – Málaga, Spain
Saint-Pol-de-Léon Cathedral – Saint-Pol-de-Léon, France
St. Elizabeth’s Church – Wrocław, Poland
Quimper Cathedral (Cathedral of Saint Corentin) – Quimper, France
Basilica of Our Lady of Scherpenheuvel – Scherpenheuvel-Zichem, Belgium
Basilica of Saint-Urbain – Troyes, France
Cathedral Basilica of St. John the Baptist – Savannah, Georgia, USA
Primary Cathedral of Bogotá (Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception) – Bogotá, Colombia
Basilica of Saint Clotilde – Paris, France
Basilica of Santa Maria Novella – Florence, Italy
Brompton Oratory (Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary) – London, England
Basilica of Notre-Dame de Délivrande – Douvres-la-Délivrande, France
Basilica of Notre-Dame du Bon Secours – Guingamp, France
Cefalù Cathedral – Cefalù, Sicily, Italy
Basilica of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux – Lisieux, France
Périgueux Cathedral (St. Front's Cathedral) – Périgueux, France
Regensburg Cathedral (St. Peter's Cathedral) – Regensburg, Germany
Basilica of Santa Giustina – Padua, Italy
Wrocław Cathedral (Cathedral of St. John the Baptist) – Wrocław, Poland
Basilica of St. Michael – Bordeaux, France
Rotunda of Mosta (Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady) – Mosta, Malta
Poitiers Cathedral (Saint-Pierre Cathedral) – Poitiers, France
Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral – Montreal, Canada
Rodez Cathedral – Rodez, France
St. Anthony Cathedral Basilica – Beaumont, Texas, USA
Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption – Covington, Kentucky, USA
St. James Cathedral (Šibenik Cathedral) – Šibenik, Croatia
Narbonne Cathedral (Cathedral of Saints Justus and Pastor) – Narbonne, France
Saint Bavo's Cathedral – Ghent, Belgium
Auch Cathedral (Cathedral of Saint Mary) – Auch, France
Basilica of Our Lady Immaculate – Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Basilica of St. Nicholas – Nantes, France
Basilica of Notre-Dame de la Garde – Marseille, France
Ancona Cathedral (Cathedral of San Ciriaco) – Ancona, Italy
Basilica of Notre-Dame de L'Épine – L'Épine, France
Basilica of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari – Venice, Italy
Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca – Bologna, Italy
Cathedral Basilica of Salvador – Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Massa Marittima Cathedral (St. Cerbonius) – Massa Marittima, Italy
Worms Cathedral – Worms, Germany
Church of St. Peter – Caen, France
Basilica of San Gaudenzio – Novara, Italy
Tréguier Cathedral – Tréguier, France
Basilica of San Giulio – Orta San Giulio, Italy
Parma Cathedral – Parma, Italy
Cathedral of Saint Domnius – Split, Croatia
Basilica of Santa Maria in Trastevere – Rome, Italy
Vilnius Cathedral – Vilnius, Lithuania
Basilica of St. Josaphat – Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
Basilica of the Sacred Heart – Notre Dame, Indiana, USA

Top 100 Catholic Churches

100. St. Patrick's Cathedral

Location: New York City, USA
Construction Period: 1858-1910
Dedicated to: Saint Patrick
Architect: James Renwick Jr
Architectural Style: Neo-gothic
Height: 396 feet
Famous relics: St. Patrick
St. Francis of Assisi
St. Rose of Lami
Three Jesuit martyrs killed in 1649
Famous tombs:Blessed Pierre Toussaint (former enslaved man, who helped found the cathedral)
Historical events:

1861-1865: Construction halted due to the American Civil War
1910: Church is elevated to cathedral status
2008: Pope Benedict XVI celebrates mass there

Significance: This is one of America's most iconic cathedrals built in the classical Gothic fashion with marble stone. It was commissioned to replace the Old Cathedral of St. Patrick built in the early 1800s (however that one still stands to this day). This was seen as a celebration of the Irish immigration that had boomed throughout the 1800s into New York City (as demonstrated in the film Gangs of New York). The two spires made it the tallest church in the USA for a brief time. It's upper roof is surrounded by a boundary of pinnacles. Inside the church it's high nave is astounding with it's pillar columns and ring of stained-glass windows at the upper portion. It's a refreshing reminder of the importance of the Catholic church, even in the booming business district of downtown Manhattan.

99. St. Michael's Cathedral Basilica

Location: Toronto, Canada
Construction Period: 1845-1860
Dedicated to: St. Michael the Archangel
Architect: William Thomas
Architectural Style: English Gothic Revival
Height: 275 feet
Historical events:

1841-Diocese of Toronto established
1845- Construction begins
1860- Tower and spires completed
2016- Elevated to minor basilica by Pope Francis

Significance: It's one of the architectural landmarks of Toronto Canada, with its English Gothic Revival style. It was built by poor Irish immigrants who went thru difficult periods of famine and pandemic. The main tower and spire stand over the front entrance of the church and soar high into the sky. The inner chamber is especially large with seating for a congregation of 1600 people. Stained glass windows are located on the side walls as well as a massive window behind the front altar. The interior is a unique blend of modern lighting and color with a touch of gothic elements.

98. Basilica del Voto Nacional

Location: Quito, Ecuador
Construction Period: 1892-1924
Dedicated to: Sacred Heart of Jesus
Architect: Emilio Tarlier
Architectural Style: Neo-gothic
Height: 377 feet
Famous tombs:

Former presidents of Ecuador

Historical events:

1892-1924- Construction begins led by French architect Emilio Tarlier
1985- Pope John Paul II visits and blsessed the basilica

Significance: It is the largest neo-Gothic church in South America, with a European style mixed with Ecuadoran traits. It has the usual twin towers, arches, vaults, flying buttresses, and rose and stained-glass windows. It's spire in the middle is quite distinctive with an open skeletal design. The roof is also laced with native Andean gargoyles celebrating Ecuadorian culture. The church was built as a national vow to the Catholicism dedicated to the sacred heart of Jesus. Many of the stained-glass windows celebrate Ecuadorian history as well as their religious devotion. It is considered the national pantheon of Ecuador and holds many famous Ecuadorian political leaders. According to legend the church is still unfinished, and will not be finished until the end of the world.

97. Valere Basilica

Location: Sion, Valais, Switzerland
Construction Period: 1100-1267
Dedicated to: Our lady the Virgin Mary
Architectural Style: Romanesque, Gothic
Height: 2018 feet above sea level
Historical events:

998- King Rudolf III of Burgundy promotes Bishop Hugo of Sion to overseer of the County of Valais (prince-bishop status)
1100-1267- Construction of the basilica
1431- Installation of famous pipe organ
1600-1700s- Power shifts to the Cathedral of Notre Dame of Sion
1987- Preserved and elevated to Minor Basilica status

Significance: The medieval church stands tall at the top of Valere Hill amidst the majestic Bernese Alps overlooking the valley of Valais, Switzerland. Across from it is the castle of Tourbillon once a medieval stronghold. What makes this such an incredible church is not so much the fortified architecture, but rather the geographical setting of it, as it sits atop a hill (somewhat like Mont-Saint-Michael). Another claim to fame it has is having the world's oldest playable pipe organ that dates back to 1431. The church is considered one of the most famous churches in Switzerland and is truly a sight to behold.

96. Almudena Cathedral

Location: Madrid, Spain
Construction Period: 1883-1993
Dedicated to: Virgin of Almudena
Comissioned by: King Alfonso XIII
Architectural Style: Neoclassical, neo-Gothic, neo-Romanesque
Height: 236 feet
Famous relics:

Virgin of Almudena (statue)
Saint Isidore the Laborer devotions

Famous tombs:

King Alfonso XIII and his wife

Historical events:

1561- Madrid becomes capital of Spain, however their archbishop is located in Toledo, and thus does not have it's own cathedral
1883- King Alfonso XIII commissions the new cathedral project
1885- Pope Leo XIII establishes the diocese of Madrid, which elevates the building to a cathedral
1936-1939- Spanish Civil War halts construction and damages some of the building
1993- Cathedral is completed and consecrated by Pope John Paul II

Significance: This Spanish cathedral is quite different than the usual desert-brown style, and is more of a modern design with some classical elements. It was one of the last major European cities to get a cathedral, which is odd since Madrid became the capital of Spain in 1561. This cathedral is built right across the royal palace, and looks like it could be it's own palace. The base structure is a fairly plain square with some pillars at it's front, but the upper level steals the show with it's bell towers, statues, dome, and pinnacles. The interior is especially unique with it's vibrant colors throughout the walls and ceiling. This is not the usual renaissance mosaics but rather a more abstract pattern of shapes and symbols. This church is dedicated to the Virgin of Almudena who according to legend the statue was hidden during Muslim rule and rediscovered in 1083. The church also gives homage to their patron saint Isidore the Laborer, although he is buried in the Colegiata de San Isidro.

95. Santa Croce in Gerusalemme

Location: Rome, Italy
Construction Period: 4th century (1st church); 1144-1145 (2nd church)
Dedicated to: The Holy Cross
Comissioned by: Saint Helena and Constantine
Architectural Style: Baroque
Height: 92 feet
Famous relics:

Fragments of the True Cross
A nail from the Crucifixion
Thorns from the Crown of Thorns
The Titulus Crucis (inscription placed over Jesus' cross; King of the Jews)

Historical events:

320-330- Saint Helena visits the Holy Land and returns to Rome with fragments of the True Cross, passion relics, and even soil from Golgotha (Jerusalem)
4th century- Chapel built to house these relics (within the imperial palace). Quickly became basilica
8th century- Church is maintained and restored as a titular church of great importance and pilgrimage
1144-1145- Church is rebuilt in the Romanesque style
15th century- Discovery of the Titulus Crucis relic within the older walls of the church

Significance: This is another of the very historic pilgrim churches located in Rome, that celebrates the discovery of the Holy Cross. The title is actually quite deceiving because the building is not located in Jerusalem, but actually in Rome. The initial idea was to scatter dirt from Jerusalem along with the true relics of Christ's passion, to make it feel like the authentic experience. The current structure has a baroque style to it, with a white marble facade, aligned with statues of the four evangelists, Saint Helena, and Emperor Constantine. The focal point of the interior is the chapel of the relics which contains the primary relics from Jesus' crucifixion (parts of the cross, nails, thorns, and even the Titulus Crucius sign). Most of the paintings inside are from the Baroque age, however there are some fragmented mosaics from the medieval age that still remain on the walls. This is ultimately not a masterful work of architecture, yet still celebrated for it's rich history and housing of some of Christianity's most ancient holy relics.

94. Abbey of the Dormition

Location: Jerusalem, Israel
Construction Period: 410-415 (1st basilica); 12th- 13th century (2nd basilica); 1900-1910 (3rd basilica)
Dedicated to: Mary, mother of Jesus
Commissioned by: German Kaiser Wilhelm II
Architectural Style: Romanesque Revival
Height: 197 feet
Historical events:

4th century- Mount Zion is associated as a sacred Christian site, and the likely location of Mary's death and assumption
410-415- Construction of Byzantine basilica Hagia Sion (Holy Zion)
614- Basilica is destroyed by the Persians
12th century- Crusaders build a new church in the Kingdom of Jerusalem (Our Lady of Mount Zion)
13th century- church is destroyed by the Muslim reconquest
1898- German Kaiser Wilhelm II purchases the Mount Zion site from the Ottoman Empire
1900-1910- German Benedictine order builds an abbey and church on the site

Significance: This is considered a very holy Christian site on Mount Zion where the Last Supper and Pentecost occurred. It is considered the birthplace of the church and thus is associated with Mother Mary (for her role in giving birth to Christ). It is more-so perceived as a symbolic location where Mary died and was carried up into heaven than the actual physical location of her final resting place. The tradition was especially made popular by the Byzantines and the Crusaders. The current basilica is the 3rd church built on the site to commemorate Mary's death and assumption into heaven. The structure itself is a fairly simple circular Romanesque church made of pale limestone. The interior is made up of stone and mosaic paintings on the wall, including one of Mary and the infant Jesus behind the front altar. This is recognized as more of a sacred site, then a great architectural achievement.

93. Bamberg Cathedral

Location: Bamberg, Bavaria, Germany
Construction Period: 1007-1012 (destroyed by fire); 1081-1111 (destroyed by fire); 1200-1237 (current building).
Commissioned by: Holy Roman Emperor Henry II and Cunigunde
Dedicated to:
Architectural Style: Romanesque, gothic
Height: 266 feet
Famous relics:

St. Peter
St. George

Famous tombs:

Saint Henry II Holy Roman Emperor
Saint Cunigunde
Pope Clement II

Historical events:

1007- Bishopric of Bamberg is established by Henry II and Pope John XVII
1081- 1st church is destroyed by fire
1185- 2nd church is destroyed by fire
1200-1237- 3rd and current cathedral built
1499- Imperial tombs of Saint Henry II and Saint Cunigunde

Significance: This cathedral was commissioned by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry II and his wife Cunigunde, who later became saints for their evangelization efforts. The building was build 3 times, after it was destroyed by fire twice. It has four massive towers at each corner standing tall at 266 feet with some massive statues on the exterior including the famous life-size statue known as the Bamberg Horseman. Inside it has some famous tombs include the holy emperor and his wife (with a lavish coffin), as well as Pope Clement II who was bishop of Bamberg for a while. The church was one of the most important centers during the medieval ages for the Holy Roman Empire. For this reason it is considered a UNESCO World Heritage site along with the old town of Bamberg.

92. Basilica of Saint Sernin

Location: Toulouse, France
Construction Period: 1080-mid 1200s
Dedicated to: Saint Sernin
Architectural Style: Romanesque
Height: 213 feet
Famous relics:

Relics attributed to St. James, St. Peter, and other early apostles
Early Christian martyr relics
Other French Saints

Famous tombs:

Saint Sernin (Bishop of Toulouse)

Historical events:

257- Saint Sernin, bishop of Toulouse, is martyred during Roman persecutions
4th century- small shrine built over Saint Sernin's tomb
8th century- site is turned into a church and monastery as cult following grows
1080-1200s- Construction of current Romanesque Basilica. It becomes one of the largest churches in Europe
1463- Major fire destroys parts of the building
1526- Monastery is dissolved
19th century- Restoration of the building
1998- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Significance: It is one of the largest surviving Romanesque churches of the middle ages, that became a major pilgrimage site along the route to Santiago de Compestela. It has the Spanish desert-fortress style to it defined by it's massive bell tower with a spire. The front facade is fairly simple with a rose window and 2 doorways while the base of the structure is also quite plain almost like a giant brown warehouse. The interior is much more breathtaking with it's long nave supported by Romanesque piers and arches, almost as if you're seated in a tunnel. Behind the high altar is an ambulatory for pilgrims to visit the chapels and relics of Saint Sernin, while his tomb is down a level in the crypt. What makes this church so special is it's historical significance and collection of importance Christian relics.

91. Orleans Cathedral

Location: Orleans, France
Construction Period: 5th century (1st basilica) 11th century (2nd basilica) 1278 (3rd basilica) 1601-1829 (4th basilica)
Dedicated to: Holy Cross of Jesus
Commissioned by: King Henry IV
Architectural Style: Gothic
Height: 288 feet
Famous relics:

Fragment of the true Holy Cross
Famous tombs:

Historical events:

375- Saint Euverte builds the first church on the site of a former Pagan temple
5th century- A basilica is built to replace this church
848- Charles the Bald is crowned king in the basilica
888- King Odo is crowned king in the basilica
989- Fire destroys the basilica
1000- 2nd basilica is built in Romanesque style
1278- 3rd basilica is commissioned to replaced the 2nd one with Gothic style
1429- Joan of Arc prays at the cathedral during the Seige of Orleans
1568- Building is destroyed during the French Wars of Religion
1601- King Henry IV orders the construction of a fourth Gothic basilica
1829- The fourth and current basilica of Orleans is completed
1855- It is elevated to minor basilica status

Significance: It is one of France's most historical churches, that has been rebuilt four times. The Gothic structure has the typical two twin bell towers, with 3 rose windows, and 3 door portals. It has a massive spire at its core, and the flying buttresses to the side, very similar to Notre Dame of Paris. This one is not as overloaded with the engraving and sculptures like many other French Gothic cathedrals. The interior is noted for it's luminous stained-glass windows, many of which are dedicated to Joan of Arc. There is also a chapel and many art works dedicated to Joan of Arc. Although there are no preserved relics of Joan of Arc this is definitely considered her primary shrine.

90. Sant'Ambrogio e Carlo al Corso

Location: Rome, Italy
Construction Period: 1612-1680
Dedicated to: Saint Ambrose and Charles Borromeo
Architectural style: High Baroque
Height: 246 feet at top of dome
Famous relics:

Heart of Saint Charles Borromeo

Historical events:

1471- Pope Sixtus recognizes the Lombard confraternity and grants them a national church dedicated to Saint Ambrose
1610-1614- Once Charles Borromeo is canonized the Lombards decide to build a new church dedicated to both Saint Ambrose and Borromeo
1929- Pope Pius XI declares the church as a minor basilica

Significance: It is a minor basilica in Rome that honors the two greatest saints from Milan, Saint Ambrose and Saint Charles Borromeo. It was commissioned by the Lombards community to be their national church in Rome. Due to it's impressive construction with one of the largest domes in Rome and artistic frescos inside, it was later ascended to a minor basilica in 1929. The high ceiling fresco depicts a glorious fresco of the fallen angels, like looking up into heaven. The interior has a luxurious feel to it, with it's marble floor, arched doorways, and golden trim on the walls and ceiling. It also holds some important relics, including the heart of Saint Charles Borromeo (the rest of his body lies in Milan Cathedral).

89. Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral

Location: Mexico City, Mexico
Construction Period: 1573-1813
Dedicated to: Assumption of Mother Mary
Architectural Style: Gothic, Baroque
Height: 220 feet
Famous relics:

Bones of early Christian martyrs and saints
Altar of Forgiveness
Altar of the Kings

Historical events:

1521- With the fall of Tenochtitlan under Spanish conquest, the Aztec temples are replaced with a Catholic cathedral
1573-1813- Construction begins slowly in phases
1790-1885 The Aztec sun stone was discovered and placed on the exterior of the cathedral. Many years later it was moved to a museum.

Significance: It sits in the central plaza of Mexico city, over what once was considered the sacred grounds of the Aztec gods. This is no doubt a symbol of Spanish conquest, but also it has become the historical center of Catholicism in Mexico. It is the largest and oldest cathedral in Latin America. It has a unique blend of Spanish Gothic architecture with Mexican features of Churrigueresque (a decorative sculptural overload). The altar of the kings is it's most famous interior feature, with a monumental Churrigueresque retablo that sits behind the altar. There are 15 chapels inside celebrate various patrons and devotions. The building is currently undergoing renovations and there is concern that it is sinking due to underground lake-beds.

88. Basilica of the Annunciation

Location: Jerusalem, Israel
Construction Period: 330 (original shrine); 12th century (Crusader cathedral); 1730 (Franciscan church); 1969 (Current Basilica)
Dedicated to: The site where the angel Gabriel announced the incarnation to the Virgin Mary
Commissioned by: Saint Helena, Constantine the Great; Pope John XXIII approved the current structure
Architect: Giovanni Muzio
Architectural style: Italian modernist
Height: 180 feet at the dome
Historical events:

4th century- Byzantine shrine built under Constantine the Great
12th century- Church built by Crusaders
1260- Destroyed by the Arab Mamluks
1730- New church built by Franciscans
1969- Current basilica built

Significance: This was one of several holy sites that were originally visited by Constantine's mother Saint Helena during the 300s where a church was built. This site claims to be the holy house where Mary lived and was visited by the angel Gabriel. The site was later renovated by the Crusader states during the medieval ages, the Franciscans in the 1700s, and then a modern basilica under Pope John XXIII. The most notable feature of the basilica is it's dome that is shaped like an inverted lily to represent Mary's purity. The basilica is broken up into two portions, the lower part is a grotto home of rock and stone, depicting Mary's home "where the word was made flesh". The upper portion is the main church for gatherings and liturgy surrounded by paintings of Mary (from various cultures around the world). Whether or not this is the exact location of Mary's house, it sure it seems a lot more believable then the Basilica of the Holy House in Loreto, Italy which was allegedly carried from Jerusalem to Italy by angels (it might be likely however that some of the original relics of the Holy House were brought to this location by a wealthy family known as the Angeli).

87. Basilica of Saint Sebastian

Location: Rome, Italy
Construction Period: 858-867 (current church)
Dedicated to: Saint Sebastian
Commissioned by: Constantine the Great (1st church), Pope Nicholas I (2nd church)
Architectural Style: Baroque
Height: 82 feet
Famous relics:

Relics of St. Sebastian
Relics of St. Peter and St. Paul

Famous tombs:

Saint Sebastian

Historical events:

4th century- Emperor Constantine ordered the construction of the Basilica of the Apostles over catacombs honoring Saint Peter and Paul
350- The relics of Saint Sebastian were brought into the catacombs.
9th century- His medieval cult grew quickly, and the basilica was rededicated to Saint Sebastian (since Peter and Paul already had their own in Rome)
858-867- Church was rebuilt under Pope Nicholas I
13th century- The Cistercian Order becomes the custodians of the church
1826- Franciscan Order becomes new custodians

Significance: It's one of the most historical churches in Rome that honors the early martyrs and is part of the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome. The church was famously built over the catacombs of Saint Sebastian (and what was once perceived to be the location of Peter and Paul). The devotion to Saint Sebastian became quite popular during the middle ages as he was considered the patron saint of archers. The church itself is fairly plain and is more-so a shrine that sits atop the ancient catacombs. It does have an impressive altarpiece, and framed ceiling depicting the famous martyrs. The altar sits directly over the tomb of Saint Sebastian which is displayed in a glass enclosure with a full sculpture of Saint Sebastian with an arrow in his stomach. It's a fairly simple building compared to most basilicas, however it beats most of them when it comes to sacred relevance.

86. St. Patrick's Purgatory

Location: Lough Derg, Ireland
Construction Period: 1924-1931
Dedicated to: Saint Patrick
Architect: William Alphonsus Scott
Architectural style: Romanesque Revival, Neo-Byzantine
Height: 150 feet at top of dome
Historical events:

450-500- Saint Patrick's missionary work in Ireland where the purgatory legend begins
6th century- Monastery is founded on Station Island
1180-1497- The cave of Station Island is identified as the location of Saint Patrick's purgatory and begins mass pilgrimages to enter the cave
1497- Pope Alexander VI closes the cave due to cultish practices not aligned with theological doctrine

1780- St. Patrick's church is build on the island and modest pilgrimage resumes
1924-1931 The Diocese of Clogher commission a new basilica to honor the pilgrimage tradition
Significance: It was built as a pilgrimage site on a remote island in Ireland to the legendary location of St. Patrick's purgatory. According to tradition the confessor Saint Patrick created this portal as a symbolic gesture to convince more people to convert to Christianity. All throughout the middle ages, pilgrims traveled to this cave location to feel the presence of God and St. Patrick. In 1931 a new chapel was erected at the perceived location (on Sation Island) to honor the legend but also Ireland's patron Saint Patrick. The building is rather simple, a stoned structure with a tower and a dome on top. The entire island is made up of various compounds leading up to the basilica, which almost appears to be a monastery. It is not a monastery however but more so a religious retreat for Christian pilgrims. What makes this church so unique to me is it's isolation on an island surrounded by the Irish waters.

85. Cathedral of Brasilia

Location: Brasilia, Brazil
Construction Period: 1958-1970
Dedicated to: Our Lady of Aparecida, mother Mary
Commissioned by: President Juscelino Kubitschek
Architect: Oscar Niemeyer
Architectural Style: Modernist
Height: 131 feet
Historical events:

1958-1970- Project approved and constructed
1964- Process slows due to military dictatorship; Niemeyer is forced into exile due to communist affiliations
1987- Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Significance: This is an iconic modern church designed by one of the greatest Latin American architects, Oscar Neimeyer. The unique shape of 16 curved columns is intended to represent the crown of thorns worn by Jesus. The building also emphasizes illumination with it's glass exterior that a large capacity of 4000 people. There are also 3 sculptures of floating angels hanging from steel cables. Aside from this it's a fairly straight-forward concept with pews and an altar. It's one of those churches that is celebrated for its simplicity yet also a very modern innovative style.

84. Papal Basilica of Saint Lawrence (Outside the Walls)

Location: Rome, Italy
Construction Period: 330-384 (1st building); 1216-1227 (Rebuilding)
Dedicated to: Saint Lawrence, St. Stephen
Commissioned by: Constantine the Great
Architectural style: Romanesque
Height: 60 feet
Famous relics:

Stone slab of St. Lawrence (where his body was placed)

Famous tombs:

St. Lawrence
St. Stephen
Pope Damasus II
Pope Pius IX
Pope Hilarius
Pope Sixtus III

Historical events:

330- Constantine commissions a church built on the tomb of Saint Lawrence.
366- Pope Damasus I promotes and expands the church
579-590- The tomb and relics of St. Stephen are relocated to the church
1216-1227- Pope Honorius III completely rebuilds the church
1943- WWII bombing followed by renovation

Significance: Despite being somewhat dim in appearance this one has great historical value going back to 258 AD. It is the traditional site of Saint Lawrence's martyrdom, where he is buried, and has been rebuilt and renovated several times. The church is one of three papal basilicas and one of the seven pilgrimage churches of Rome. It also holds the tomb of my namesake, the first martyr St. Stephen, since both he and Lawrence were important martyrs. The term "Outside the Walls" refers to the ancient defensive Aurelian walls that surrounded Rome. The church has a notable interior of frescoes and marble floor patterns. It's front pillar design was rebuilt after Allied bombing during WWII. This is a historical gem on my bucket list.

83. Westminster Cathedral

Location: London, England
Construction Period: 1895-1903
Dedicated to: Most Precious Blood Jesus Christ
Architecture: John Francis Bentley
Architectural Style: Neo-Byzantine
Height: 284 feet
Famous tombs:

Saint John Southworth (one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales)

Historical events:

1850- Catholic church is restored in England and Wales after nearly 300 years of Anglican repression
1895-1903- Construction begins however the architect John Bentley dies before completion. The church opens even though it is somewhat unfinished.
2000-present- Interior mosaics are still a work in progress

Significance: This is the primary Catholic church of England and Wales that was built after the other classic giants of Westminster Abbey and Canterbury were converted to the Church of England. It has a unique Byzantine design and looks like it belongs in some desert fantasy setting. It has a massive bell tower, with a brown brick structure with white horizontal lines make for a hypnotic design. There is also a mosaic of Christ the King right above the main door, with various arches and windows in the front. The interior is somewhat unfinished with it's dark ceiling, which almost feels like looking up into a void of space. There are still however many shrines and mosaics along the wall that still create a captivating feeling. This one is particularly special for me, because I went to easter mass here with my family in 2018. The mass was celebrated by the cardinal of London with a full choral musical arrangement. Even the interior of the church is still a work in progress, this church has historical and architectural significance.

82. Cathedral of La Plata

Location: La Plata, Buenos Ares, Argentina
Construction Period: 1884-1932; 1996-1999
Dedicated to: Our Lady of Sorrows, Mother Mary
Architect: Pedro Benoit, Ernesto Meyer
Architectural style: Gothic revival
Height: 367 feet
Famous tombs:

Dardo Rocha and his wife (founder of the city of La Plata)

Historical events:

1884- Construction begins
1930s- construction halted due to financial and logistical strains
1932- Is designated as a cathedral
1996-1999- Major restoration and completion of the two spires and pinnacles

Significance: The church was built as a foundational monument in the city of La Plata, on the outskirts of Buenos Aires. The Gothic design was inspired by the Amiens and Cologne Cathedrals in Europe. The exterior of the church has a unique mix of modern but also medieval Gothic elements with it's pinnacles, spires, and flying buttresses. It stands at an impressive 367 feet, making it the tallest church in both North and South America. Even though it doesn't have any statues on the exterior facade, I find it has an aesthetical contrast in colors with the brown base and silver pinnacles. The interior is also noteworthy for it's massive capacity, with five long naves, and emphasis on natural light vs the usual darkness inside a church.

81. Autun Cathedral

Location: Autun, France
Construction Period: 1120-1146
Dedicated to: Saint Lazarus, Saint Lazarus of Aix
Architectural Style: Romanesque, Gothic
Height: 305 feet
Famous relics:

Saint Lazarus of Aix

Famous tombs:

Saint Lazarus of Aix

Historical events:

970- The town of Autun acquires relics of Saint Lazarus of Aix (believed to be Saint Lazarus of Bethany)
1120- Church is built to house these relics and become a pilgrimage site
1469- Lightning strikes the bell tower and is replaced by it's massive iconic spire

19th century- Relics identified as Lazaros of Aix and NOT Lazarus of Bethany

1840- Becomes a historical monument of France

Significance: It was believed in the middle ages that the town of Autun had acquired relics of the Saint Lazarus of Bethany whom Jesus raised from the dead. This massive cathedral was built in his honor to establish a pilgrimage site to see the relics. It was later discovered that the relics belonged to Saint Lazarus the bishop of Aix during the 5th century. Nonetheless the cathedral still stands the test of time as an impeccable work of medieval Gothic architecture. It's most striking feature is the massive central spire (305 feet) that was added later in the 15th century. The roofs have the colorful ceramic tile pattern which is seen on St. Stephens (Vienna) or St. Matthias (Budapest). One of the towers also has an astronomical clock on it's eastern facade. The interior has many famous sculptural reliefs depicting the Last Judgement and other biblical events.

80. Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula
Location: Brussels, Belgium
Construction Period: 9th century (1st church); 11th century (2nd church); 1226-1519 (3rd church)
Dedicated to: Saint Michael and Saint Gudula
Architectural Style: Gothic, Brabantine, Baroque
Height: 210 feet
Famous relics:
Saint Gudula (part of her skull. Most other relics were destroyed by Calvinists)
Historical events:
9th century- small chapel is constructed on Trerenberg hill dedicated to Saint Michael
11th century- chapel is replaced by a Romanesque church
1226- Church is rebuilt into the current Gothic style
1579- Protestant Calvinists sack the church and steal important relics dedicated to St. Gudula
1790- French Revolution loots and destroys parts of the church
19th century- Renovations of the church
1962- Church is elevated to cathedral status
Significance: This is the national church of Belgium, built in the iconic Gothic style (although more heavily on the Dutch Brabantine style vs then the French style). I was also fortunate to see this cathedral in 2017 when I visited Brussels. I remember it was perched high on a hill overlooking a plaza and really had a commanding appeal to it. The inside was even more impressive with it's sculptures of the 12 apostles, shrines, pulpit, and stained-glass windows. The church is also unique for being dedicated to two saints, St. Michael the Archangel and St. Gudula (a local Belgian saint always depicted with a lantern to keep the demons at bay).

79. Church of the Visitation

Location: Jerusalem, Israel
Construction Period: 4th century (1st church); 12th century (2nd church); 1955 (3rd church)
Dedicated to: Visitation of the Virgin Mary
Commissioned by: Saint Helena (identified the site)
Architect: Antonio Barluzzi
Architectural Style: Neo-Byzantine
Height: 80 feet
Historical events:

4th century- Saint Helena visits many of the sacred sites in the Holy Land, and commissions a church on this location to honor Mary's visit of Elizabeth
614- Church is destroyed by Persian invasions
12th century- Crusaders built a new church on the location
14th-15th century- church falls into ruins during Ottoman conquest
1955- New current church is built

Significance: This was the acclaimed site of the famous gospel story where the pregnant Mary goes to visit her cousin Elizabeth (who is also miracoulusly pregnant with John the Baptist). It is here where Elizabeth welcomes Mary with the famous line, "Blessed are thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb" Mary stays here for a few weeks with Elizabeth and Zachariah before she returns to Joseph in Nazareth. While the holy site was likely identified by Saint Helena's first pilgrimage to the Holy Land, this church is not quite accredited to her the way her other big three are; the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, the Church of the Nativity, and Church of the Ascension. The modern version is a fairly simple structure with a notable mosaic on it's front wall depicting Mary on donkey accompanied by the angels. The building layout has two churches, an upper main basilica and a lower crypt. Inside the main church there is another large mosaic of Mother Mary behind the high altar as wall as other paintings on the wall depicting the saints. This church is considered a basilica more-so for it's sacredness rather than it's architectural genius.

78. Basilica of Santa Croce

Location: Florence, Italy
Construction Period: 1294-1385
Dedicated to: The Holy Cross
Architect: Arnolfo di Cambio
Architectural Style: Gothic, Renaissance, Gothic Revival
Height: 256 feet
Famous tombs:

Michelangelo
Galileo Galilei
Niccolo Machiavelli
Gioachino Rossini
Ugo Foscolo

Historical events:

1210-1294- First Franciscans arrive in Florence, establishing an oratroy
1294-1385 Construction begins on new chuch as birthplace of Renaissance art
1320-1335- The Giotto Frescoes are painted by Giotto di Bondone
1564- Michaelangelo is buried first in basilica establishing the church as a national pantheon
1966- Flood of the Arno damages chuch. Begins restoration phase

Significance: Established by Franciscans, this church is a fairly simple design with it's iconic Florentine white facade with a cross held by two angels at the apex. Behind the facade is a somewhat plain brown brick structure with a bell tower. Attached to the basilica is a Franciscan convent with cloisters and the Pazzi Chapel. The true claim to fame of this church, however, is the interior, that is like a museum of Renaissance fresco art from wall-to-ceiling. The church is considered the birthplace of Renaissance art, for it's notable Giotto Frescoes painted in 1320s. It has a golden high altar with images of Mary and the Doctors of the Church, as well stained-glass windows depicting the saints. The other major claim-to-fame of the basilica is the famous Italian tombs which makes this more than a church but also a national pantheon.

77. Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi

Location: Assisi, Italy
Construction Period:
Dedicated to: Saint Francis of Assisi
Architectural Style: Romanesque, Italian Gothic
Height: 194 feet
Famous relics:

Relics of Saint Francis of Assisi
Fragments of the True Cross
Relics of other saints

Famous tombs:

Saint Francis of Assisi

His closes friars
Historical events:

1226- Saint Francis of Assisi dies and is quickly canonized two years later
1230-1253- Construction of basilica begins at the site of his tomb
1260s- Major fresco art is painted throughout the building
1754- Elevated to papal minor basilica
1965- Major restoration
1997- Major earthquake causes damage which leads to further restoration efforts
2000- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Significance: This has become the headquarters of the Franciscan Order and the basilica serves as the central part of the monastic complex. This is one of those churches where the geography make it's all the more impressive (like Los Lajas or Mont-Saint-Michel). It's perched up on a hill overlooking a vast green valley. The upper basilica sits atop the monastic complex surrounded by various other buildings, columns, and walls. The interior is the real appeal to this basilica, that is considered an art museum of medieval frescoes. It's main fresco is the Giotto depicting 28 scenes from St. Francis' life. There are also many other frescoes depicting the crucifixion, evangelists, and biblical scenes from the Old and New Testament. Of course it's main claim to fame however is housing the tomb of the great Saint Francis of Assisi, which is located in the underground crypt. This is one of the most important medieval saints, and for that reason it has become a popular pilgrimage site.

76. Cathedral of Our Lady

Location: Antwerp, Belgium
Construction Period: 1275-1521
Dedicated to: Our Lady the Virgin Mary
Architect: Jan and Pieter Appelmans
Architectural Style: Gothic
Height: 390 feet
Famous relics:

Many relics lost during the Beeldenstrom (Iconclastic Fury) of 1566

Famous tombs:

Charlotte de Bourbon-Montpensier (wife of William of Orange)
Bishops of Antwerp

Historical events:

1275-1521 Construction begins thru various phases
1533- Major fire devastates large parts of the cathedral
1559- Church is elevated to cathedral status
1610-1640- Peter Paul Ruebens creates famous altarpieces
1999- Cathedral is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Significance: It's a great work of Gothic architecture, where its most iconic feature is its massive belfry tower that stands at an impressive 390 feet tall (the tallest church in Belgium). It has several pinnacles attached to it with a golden clock on each side. This tower is quite unique because it was meant to be the typical front twin towers, however due to the fire of 1533 they just built the one. On the opposite side is a spired tower, that although is asymmetrical still offers a unique aesthetic. The interior is just as famous as the exterior for it's famous artwork by Dutch painter, Peter Paul Ruebens. This includes the paintings of The Raising of the Cross, the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, the Descent from the Cross, and the Resurrection of Christ. It also has several impressive stained-glass windows and an iconic carillon keyboard that plays 49 bells from outside. It is one of Antwerp's most iconic landmarks and the belfry tower alone was dedicated the honor of UNESCO World Heritage Site.

75. Temple Expiatori del Sagrat Cor

Location: Barcelona, Spain
Construction Period: 1902-1961
Dedicated to: Sacred Heart of Jesus
Architect: Enric Sagnier
Architectural style: Neo Gothic
Height: 1,703 feet (including elevation of Mount Tibidabo and top of the Jesus statue)
Historical events:

1936-1939- Original statue of Jesus was destroyed during the Spanish Civil War
1950- New statue of Christ by Josep Miret placed at the top of the tower
1961- Pope John XXIII declares the church a minor basilica

Significance: This impressive basilica sits on the summit of Mount Tibidabo on the outskirts of Barcelona, Spain. It has a statue of Christ standing at the top of the spire with his arms outstretched (somewhat like Christ the Redeemer). The style is very reminiscent of the Sagrada Familia and some of Gaudi's famous work in Barcelona. It has two levels, a lower church and crypt, and an upper basilica. The bottom represents earth, the upper church represents redemption, and the statue of Christ represents salvation. There is one central spire that holds Jesus and four towers with the twelve apostles sitting atop. The way it is pearched atop a mountain makes this a very impressive site similiar to Sacre-Coer in Paris.

74. Basilica of Saint Louis

Location: Saint Louis, USA
Construction Period: 1907-1914
Dedicated to:
Architectural Style: Neo-Byzantine, neo-Romanesque
Height: 227 feet
Famous tombs:

Archbishops of St. Louis

Historical events:

1770-1831- Old Basilica of St. Louis is built (first cathedral west of the Mississippi River)
1907-1914- Newer and much larger cathedral is built in the Byzantine style
1912-1988- Great Mosaic covering 65,000 square feet of wall and ceiling
1997- Pope John Paul II elevates to basilica status

Significance: Hard to think a church from St. Louis, Missouri would make this list, but I find this one to be incredible on the inside and outside. It's considered one of the first major Byzantine churches in America, a refreshing break from the Neo-Gothic designs. It has a grey brick exterior with the front two bell towers, a central window, and a primary dome (similar layout as Saint Mary Minnesota or St. Stephen's Budapest). The layered stone exterior has a much more authentic and almost vintage look to it, even though it is still fairly modern. The interior is just as impressive with an abundance of mosaic paintings spanning 65,000 square feet throughout the church. There is really no church in America that has this much art painting inside their walls. The mosaics depict early Christian saints, biblical events, eastern orthodox saints, American saints, St. Louis and American history, and the iconic image of Christ the Pantocrator in the dome.

73. St. Mary's Cathedral

Location: Sydney, Australia
Construction Period: 1821-1865 (1st cathedral); 1868-1928 (2nd cathedral)
Dedicated to: Immaculate Mary
Architect: William Wardell
Architectural Style: English Gothic
Height: 245 feet
Famous relics:

Saint Francis Xavier (1st class part of his body)

Famous tombs:

Famous Australian cardinals and bishops in the crypt

Historical events:

1821- Australia's first major cathedral is built
1865- Fire destroys the cathedral
1868-1928- 2nd cathedral is built to replace it
1932- Church elevated to basilica status

Significance: This was Australia's first cathedral and thus holds major historical relevance for their nation. After the first cathedral was destroyed by fire the second one was designed by one of Australia's most famous architects William Wardell. The architecture of the church has English Gothic elements, with spires, pinnacles, and several elaborate window designs (not so much sculpted detail on the facade). The inner nave is high and long with massive stone columns and arches. Stained glass is the primary illumination with incredible iconography depicting biblical scenes (most notably the chancel window behind the front high altar). The crypt beneath the church is also an incredible sight with it's decorated marble floor, thick columns, and tombs of past bishops.

72. Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers

Location: Bad Staffelstein, Germany
Construction Period: 1743-1772
Dedicated to: Fourteen Holy Helpers
Architect: Balthasar Neumann
Architectural Style: Baroque, Rococo
Height: 246 feet
Historical events:

1445-1446- Three reported apparitions near the Cistercian monastery
1448- First chapel is built at the site dedicated to the Fourteen Holy Helpers
1525- Chapel destroyed during the German Peasants War
1543-1618- Gothic church replaces the shrine
1618-1648- Church is destroyed during the Thirty Years War
1743-1772- The Abbot of Langheim appoint the leading German architect to build the church, Balthasar Neumann
1897- Church is elevated to basilica status

Significance: Also known as Vierzehneiligen it is built in the countryside of central Germany overlooking the Benedictine abbey Schloss Banz. The exact site was chosen due to legends of apparitions from the Fourteen Holy Helpers. The exterior is rather plain, defined by it's two front towers and statues at it's apex of Christ, Saint Peter, Saint Paul, Faith, and Charity. It's true claim to fame is the baroque interior, often referred to as God's ballroom, which looks like a museum of sculptures and paintings. The high altar (known as the Mercy Altar) is adorned with intricate statues of the Fourteen Helpers, who were very popular patron saints during the middle ages and the Black Death. The ceiling is also laced with heavenly colors, clouds, saints, and angels. It is truly the epitome of Baroque artwork. The church is considered one of the most important German pilgrimage sites, bringing in half-a-million visitors a year.

71. St. Johns Cathedral

Location: Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
Construction Period: 1220-1530; 1860-1939 (restoration); 1949-present (restoration)
Dedicated to: Saint John the Evangelist
Architectural Style: Brabantine Gothic
Height: 239 feet
Famous relics:

The Sweet mother of Den Bosch (14th century statue of Mother Mary)
Holy Sacramental Chapel

Historical events:

1366- Became a collegiate church
1559- Elevated to cathedral status
1629- The Catholic church was transferred to the Dutch Reformation Church
1810- With the support of Napoleon the church was returned to Catholic denomination

Significance: It has to be one of the most underrated cathedrals in the world, perhaps often overlooked since Netherlands is mostly a Protestant county. This is a true work of Gothic art, with a very elaborate structure of flying buttresses. It is also laced with intricate sculptures and pinnacles that could rival some of France's finest cathedrals. The interior has a good balance of lighting, color, and gothic designs. It is without question the greatest church in the Netherlands and serves as a symbol of Catholic survival in this Protestant region.

70. Jaen Cathedral

Location: Jaen, Spain
Construction Period: 1200s (1st Mosque); 1368-1500 (2nd church); 1551-1724 (3rd current church)
Dedicated to: The Assumption of the Virgin Mary
Architect: Andres de Vandelvira
Architectural Style: Renaissance, Baroque, neoclassical
Height: 200 feet
Famous relics:

The Hoy Face (Considered to be Veronica's Veil)

Historical events:

1200s- Great Mosque of Jaen built during Islamic rule as part of al-Andalus
1246- King Ferdinand III of Castille conquers Jaen and claims the mosque as a Catholic church
1368-1500s- Mosque is destroyed and rebuilt with a Gothic style
1551-1724- Construction of new Renaissance cathedral
1755- Lisbon Earthquake destroys parts of the cathedral
2012- UNESCO World Heritage Site

Significance: This one has quite the history, originally being a Mosque temple and being rebuilt two more times after. It has the typical Spanish desert-fortress fashion with two twin towers at it's front aligned with statues of the apostles and saints on the upper balcony. An additional church was attached to the structure after the Lisbon earthquake of 1755, known as the Chuch of the Sagrario. The interior has an impressive choral chamber, with a massive lantern ceiling help up by stone columns. The cathedral claims to have one of Christianity's most holy relics, Veronica's Veil however St. Peter's basilica has a far more convincing one.

69. Basilica of Saint Anne-de-Beaupre

Location: Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupre, Quebec, Canada
Construction Period: 1876-1922 (destroyed by fire); 1922-1946 (current building)
Dedicated to: Saint Anne mother of Mary
Architectural Style: Norman gothic, Romanesque revival
Height: 299 feet
Famous relics:

Finger bone of Saint Anne

Historical events:

1658- First shrine built and dedicated to Saint Anne in New France (Canada)
1670- Relic of Saint Anne's fingerbone brought from France
1876- First major basilica is built dedicated to Saint Anne as the patron saint of Quebec
1887- Pope Leo XIII elevates the church to a minor basilica
1922- First basilica destroyed by fire
1926-1944- Second and current basilica rebuilt

Significance: This is another great modern gem in Canada providing a unique blend of classic Gothic style with a modern revival touch. It's a clean looking cathedral with it's sharp front 2 towers and a golden statue of Saint Anne standing at the niche. There is also a notable fountain with Anne holding the infant Mary that sits in the front plaza. The interior is just as poignant with it's Art Deco style. Once again this seems to mix new features with the classic vintage features of the old gothic churches. The nave ceiling is the highlight for me, full of symbols and icons on a white backdrop. It's a minimalist approach to the colors just of white and brown, but it works and makes this church so unique. The mosaics and stained glass windows offer more color giving the church it's vintage quality. It's a popular work of modern Canadian architecture that receives close to a million visitors a year.

68. Basilica of Saint-Denis

Location: Paris, France
Construction Period: 1135-1144
Dedicated to: Saint Denis
Architectural Style: Gothic
Height: 282 feet
Famous relics:

Relics of Saint Denis
Relics of Saint Rusticus, Saint Eleutherius, and other martyr saints

Famous tombs:

Saint Denis
King Dagobert (7 th century king)
Hugh Capet (first French king, 987)
King Louis VI
King Louis VII
King Saint Louis IX

Historical events:

250- Saint Denis, first bishop of Paris, is martyred. His tomb quickly becomes a popular pilgrimage site
8th century- First basilica is built on the site of his tomb
1135-1144- Current church is built in Gothic style
1790- Building is damaged and looted during the French Revolution
19th century- Building is restored and preserved

Significance: This church plays an important role in the history of architecture, as it is considered the birth of the Gothic style. It introduced new building designs of pointed arches, rib vaults, and more glass windows to provide natural light. It's front white facade is fairly reserved compared to the other Gothic churches it later influenced such as Notre Dame and Chartres. However it still has the standard Gothic format of the 3 door portals, central rose window, and flying buttresses along the flanks. This is also one of the first examples of the ambulatory walkway behind the altar, with many notable chapels and famous tombs. The church ultimately gives homage to Saint Denis, who became very famous during the middle ages as one of the fourteen holy helpers (according to legend he walked for a bit with his head). It was also the historical location where Clovis, King of the Franks, converted to Christianity. It also holds the tombs of many famous French kings, most notably King Saint Louis IX. Saint Denis is considered the first church to use sculpted engravings on important tombs.

67. Palma Cathedral

Location: Palma, Mallorca, Spain
Construction Period: 1229-1601
Dedicated to: Virgin Mary
Architectural Style: Gothic
Height: 144 feet
Famous tombs:

King James of Mallorca (1311)
King Hames III of Mallorca (1349)

Historical events:

1229- King James of Aragon conquers Mallorca and vowed to build a cathedral to Virgin Mary
1230-1601- Gothic Construction begins
1851- Major earthquake causes structural damage
1903-1914- Antonio Gaudi was commissioned to renovate and modernize the cathedral

Significance: Another monster Gothic cathedral with the distinctive Spanish desert-like exterior, flying buttresses, and pinnacles. Once again it looks like something out of King's Landing or some Game of Thrones setting. It has the eighth highest nave in the world with a jaw-dropping view inside. Massive stone columns, ribbed vaults, and a large rose window behind the altar referred to as the Gothic Eye. Another of the distinctive Gaudi features is the floating baldachin canopy above the altar, decorated with hanging lamps and motifs. It's truly a sight to behold, where the interior is as magical as the exterior. It's Holy Trinity Chapel contains the tombs of King James II James III of Mallorca. There are also many chapels and altars along the flanks of the main nave.

66. Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fatima

Location: Fatima, Portugal
Construction Period: 1928-1953
Dedicated to: Our Lady Fatima
Architectural Style: Basilica of Our Lady (Neoclassical, neo-Baroque); Basilica of the Holy Trinity (Modern minimalist)
Height: 213 feet (Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary
Famous tombs:

3 Child Visionaries (Saint Francisco Marto, Saint Jacinta Marto, Sister Lucia dos Santos

Historical events:

1916- Apparitions of the Angel of Peace
1917- Apparitions of the Virgin Mary, and dancing sun
1919-1921- Chapel of the Apparitions built
1930- Catholic church investigates accepts the Apparitions as worthy of belief
1928-1953- Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary is built
2007- Basilica of the Holy Trinity

Significance: After the miracle apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Fatima, the site quickly became a popular pilgrimage site. The church launched it's own investigation to the story (including the miracle of the sun) and confirmed that the story was worthy of belief. This is a pilgrimage-complex similar to the ones of Lourdes and Guadalupe which has multiple churches, monuments, and open plazas. The original cathedral is the Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary which is built like a giant temple standing tall over a flight of stairs. With it's tall white tower and crown of Mary, it is the centerpiece of the sanctuary as it overlooks the plaza. Inside the church is the three tombs of the visionaries who saw the apparitions. The basilica is attached to a colonnade walkway that encircles the plaza. The newer Holy Trinity basilica was built to hold larger congregations (up to 8000 people, making it one of the largest by capacity in the world). The most important part of the sanctuary is the Chapel of the Apparitions which marks the exact geographical location where the miracle apparitions occurred with a simple statue of the Lady of Fatima. The attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II was considered a prophecy from the Virgin of Fatima and this event is also recognized at the sanctuary.

65. Basilica of Saint Mary the Great

Location: Rome, Italy
Construction Period: 432-440; 1740s (renovations)
Dedicated to: Mary (1st Marian devoted church)
Architectural Style: Romanesque, Baroque
Height: 246 feet
Famous relics:

The Holy Crib
Relics of Saint Jerome
Saulus Populi Romani (famous icon of Saint Mary with her child)

Famous tombs:

Pope Honorius III (1227; one of the first popes to be buried here)
Gian Lorenzo Bernini (one of the greatest Baroque artists)
Pope Nicholas IV (1292)
Pope Sixtus V (1590)
Pope Clement VIII (1605)
Pope Francis (2025)

Historical events:

352-358- First church is built on the Esquiline Hill in Rome where a miraculous snowfall occurred during summertime.
431- Council of Ephesus declares Mary as the Theotokos (Mother of God)
432-440- Construction of current basilica
7th century- Relic of the Holy Crib brought form Jerusalem
1348- Earthquake damages part of the basilica
1740s- major renovations under Pope Benedict XIV

Significance: This is a very important historical church considered the first proper Marian devotion shrine. It is also a papal basilica and one of the seven Pilgram churches of Rome. It is also one of the oldest standing churches in Rome, with some of the oldest mosaics still in place. The front facade has a Roman style to it, with arched columns, windows, and a massive bell tower. Along the front balcony are 5 statues, Mary at the Apex surrounded by the four most important early Doctors of the church (St. Jerome, St. Ambrose, St. Augustine, St. Gregory. The interior is especially jaw-dropping with it's columns, marble floor, and well preserved mosaics from the 5th century, most notably the large apse behind the altar of the Coronation of the Virgin. The ceiling is also quite the sight with it's coffered golden frames (said to have early gold brought from the Americas). Beneath the altar is it's most famous relic of the Holy Crib making this one of the holiest churches in Christendom.

64. Laon Cathedral

Location: Laon, France
Construction Period: 7 th century (1st church); 1052-1071 (2nd church); 1155-1235
Dedicated to: Virgin Mary
Architectural Style: Gothic
Height: 184 feet
Historical events:

7th century- Carolingian Cathedral is built to honor the city's important role in Charlemagne's empire
1052-1071- New Romanesque cathedral is built to replace it
1112- Communal Revolt kills the bishop and damages much of the cathedral
1155-1235- New cathedral is built in Gothic fashion
1692- Earthquake damages the spires. Further renovation
1793- French Revolution dismantles much of the church relics and sculptures
1840- Declared a French monument
1914-1918- Is not damaged during WWI occupation

Significance: It was one of the earliest cathedrals to establish that iconic French Gothic facade of the twin towers, rose window, and three door portals. The twin bell towers are a little more unique then the others since they have an open design with sixteen full size oxen statues. These rare statues represent their role in helping haul the material to build the church, their symbolic sacrificial role in the bible, and to distinguish the community of Laon. A statue of the Virgin Mary stands front and center between the two towers, holding her infant Jesus, and flanked by two angels. There are also two more towers along the transept as well as one at the central crossing. Inside the church is an impressive high nave with four levels and an abundance of light (especially for an early Gothic cathedral which often emphasized darkness). The stained-glass windows inside offer a bright colorful contrast as they depict scenes from the lives of Mary, Jesus, the Twelve Apostles, and Saint Stephen.

63. Saint Stephen's Basilica

Location: Budapest, Hungary
Construction Period: 1851-1906
Dedicated to: Saint King Stephen of Hungary
Commissioned by: Simon Sinas
Architectural Style: Neoclassical
Height: 315 feet at top of dome
Famous relics:

The Holy Right hand of St. King Stephen of Hungary

Historical events:

1851- Construction begins.
1868- Dome collapses during construction, forcing almost a complete restart
1931- Elevated to minor basilica by Pope Pius XI
1944-1945- Heavily damaged during WWII, but also used as a bomb shelter
1950- Housed Hungary's most precious relic, The Holy Right

Significance: It is the largest and most iconic church in Hungary celebrating their patron saint King Stephen of Hungary. It has the Greek classical style to it, with pillars, 2 bell towers, and a massive dome in the middle (a much smaller version of St. Paul's Cathedral). It's also very similar to the Esztergom Basilica, another major Hungarian Catholic church. The exterior of the church is quite impressive like something you would see in Athens or Washington DC, but it's the interior that really makes it stand out. It's like walking into a luxurious museum of gold, red, and rich marble stone. Looking up into the dome ceiling is the true wonder as it displays a mosaic of God the father surrounded by the angels and saints. There is also many other frescoes throughout the walls depicting Hungary's history and their key saints such as St. Stephen, St. Emeric, and St. Ladislaus. One of the centerpieces is the Holy right hand of St. Stephen. It is considered part of Budapest's historical UNESCO world heritage sites.

62. Basilica of Our Lady of Lichen

Location: Lichen Stary, Poland
Construction Period: 1993-2004
Dedicated to: Our Lady of Sorrows, Queen of Poland, mother Mary
Architectural Style: Postmodern, neo-classical
Height: 464 feet
Famous relics:

Painted icon of Our Lady of Sorrows

Historical events:

1813-1844- Our Lady of Sorrows appears to a Polish soldier, Tomasz Klossowski and requests he find her image and publically display it
1852- The image is displayed in a forest, and causes many miracles when prayed upon. Most notably during the Cholera Epidemic.
1993- As devotions and pilgrimages continue to grow, the decision is made to construct a modern basilica
2004- Pope John Pail II designates the church as a minor basilica

Significance: This church honors the Marian devotion of Our Lady of Sorrows, Queen of Poland. According to legend during the Napoleonic Wars a Polish soldier prays to mother Mary, who later appears to him with a white eagle, and saves him from death. He is instructed to find and display her holy image, which he finally does after many years of searching. The image becomes an important pilgrimage site, causing miracles when prayed (most notably during the Cholera Epidemic). The basilica is later erected in 1993 near the site of the original apparition and devotion shrine. It is a very unique church with a modern neo-classical look to it, almost like a government palace. It has notable angelic statues along the front roof, as well as a statue of Mary at it's center. The bell towers is one of the tallest church towers in the world. The interior is quite bright and luminous unlike most cathedrals, with a central emphasis of the image of Our Lady of Sorrows. It's pipe organ is also a notable feature, one of the largest organs in the world. The sheer scale, modernist design, and important pilgrimage site makes this a world-famous church.

61. Church of All Nations

Location: Mount of Olives, Jerusalem, Israel
Construction Period: 4th century (1st church); 12th century (2nd church); 1922-1924 (3rd church)
Dedicated to: Agony of Jesus Christ
Architect: Antonio Barluzzi
Architectural Style: Neo-Byzantine, neo-classical
Famous relics:

Rock of Agony (bedrock where Jesus prayed before his arrest)

Historical events:

4th century- 1st Byzantine basilica built on site
746- Church destroyed by earthquake
12th century- 2nd church constructed by the Crusaders' Kingdom of Jerusalem
1345- Church was abandoned due to Muslim reconquest
1922-1924- Third and current church is built and is immediately elevated to minor basilica status

Significance: It is one of many holy sites in Jerusalem, pertaining to the life of Jesus Christ. This one is located near the Garden of Gethsemane where Jesus prayed before he was arrested. Three churches have been built on this site, the most recent current basilica in 1924. The construction is fairly simple blending Romanesque, classical, and Byzantine styles. It has four column support beams with statues of the four evangelists sitting atop them. A large mosaic is painting on the facade depicting Christ as the bridge between God and man. There are 12 small domes on the roof that represent the 12 apostles. Inside the church is especially dark by design, with a ceiling of blue sky and golden stars. In front of the main altar is the a slab of stone where Jesus is believed to have prayed in Gethsemane. It is referred to as the church of all nations since many nations contributed to it's funding.

60. Amiens Cathedral

Location: Amiens, France
Construction Period: 1220-1270
Dedicated to: Our Lady the Virgin Mary
Architect: Robert of Luzarches
Architectural style: French Gothic
Height: 370 ft at it's spire
Famous relics:

Head of St. John the Baptist (The original was brought from Constantinople in 1206, however was lost during the French Revolution. The current one is a replica.
Relics of Saint Firmin

Famous tombs:

Tomb of Saint Firmin
Tomb of Bishop Evrard de Fouilloy (commissioned the cathedral)
Many bishops of Aimens

Historical events:

1385- Royal marriage of King Charles VI of France and Isabeau of Bavaria
1793- Converted to a Temple of Reason during the French Revolution (many relics/statues were lost during this period)
1849-1874- Restoration period
1914- Severely damaged during WWI
1940-1944- Several damaged during WWII
1981- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Significance: This French gothic cathedral is quite impressive on the exterior and interior (very similar design to Notre Dame Paris). It has a lighter toned color with incredible intricacy and detail in it's front facade. The front facade has the iconic two bell towers, with the rose glassed window in the middle, a line of sculpture kings, 3 door portals, aligned with sculptures of the apostles. It has the flying buttress to the sides and an impressive spire at it's top. The interior is just as impressive with it's high ceilings, pillars, choral chamber, alter, pulpit, labyrinth style floor, and impressive stained glass windows. This is a true gem of European gothic architecture.

59. Orvieto Cathedral

Location: Orvieto, Italy
Construction Period: 1290-1591
Dedicated to: The Assumption of the Virgin Mary
Architectural Style: Italian Gothic
Height: 174 feet
Famous relics:

Bolsena Corporal (Blood-stained cloth from the eucharist)
Saint Pietro Parenzo relics

Famous tombs:

Saint Pietro Parenzo (Martyr assassinated in Orvieto by Cathar heretics)

Historical events:

1263- Miracle of Bolsena (The Eucharist began to bleed during mass)
1290- The church authenticates the miracle and Pope Nicholas IV calls for the foundation of a cathedral in Orvieto
1591- Cathedral is completed thru various waves

Significance: This is a popular pilgrimage church in Orvieto Cathedral made famous by a medieval miracle where the Eucharist was seen to bleed. This miracle is preserved with a relic of a cloth that received the blood during the event. The Gothic facade is almost identical to the Basilica of the Holy Cross in Florence. It also has the Italian trademark striped-lines outside and inside (as seen on the Genoa and Siena Cathedrals). I find it really resembles the Basilica of the Holy Cross. It also however has some distinctive mosaics on the front facade displaying events from Mary's life, as well as statues of the apostles, evangelists, saints, and angels. The interior nave, columns, and arches continue with the line pattern and colorful mosaics. The main feature of the cathedral of course is the Bolsena Corporal, the blood stained cloth, that is displayed in the Chapel of the Corporal. The church also hosts the tomb of Saint Peitro Parenzo, who was martyred in Ovieto (1199) while fighting against the heresy of Cathars. Both relics make this is a very popular pilgrimage destination.

58. Avila Cathedral

Location: Avila, Spain
Construction Period: 1170-1340; 15th-17th century
Ecclesiastic Status: Cathedral (Bishop of Avila)
Dedicated to: Salvator Mundi (Christ as savior o the world)
Architectural Style: Spanish Gothic
Height: 92 feet
Famous tombs:

Alonso de Madrigal (El Tostado)- famed bishop and theologian of Avila

Historical events:

12th century- Reconquesta of Spain. Building began as a fortress-cathedral
1520s- Was the headquarters of the Comuneros Spanish revolt against the Spanish Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
1985- Declared a UNESO heritage sight along with the city of Avila

Significance: This cathedral has the distinctive Spanish qualities of the desert brown color and fortress style. It almost looks like it belongs in the city of Kings Landing in Game of Thrones. The church was built during the Reconquesta when the Spanish reclaimed their territory from Muslim occupancy. This was an ambitious project to restore Catholicism as the main religion in Spain. This is one of the most fortified churches in the world that was built to defend sieges while still celebrating mass. Inside the cathedral are notable features such as the high altarpiece of Vasco de la Zarza, Spanish Renaissance paintings, and the tomb of El Tostado (famed theologian from Avila). It was declared a UNESCO heritage site along with the city of Avila in 1985.

57. Basilica of Our Lady of Peace

Location: Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast
Construction Period: 1985-1990
Dedicated to: Our Lady of Peace, Mother Mary
Commissioned by: President Felix Houphouet-Boigny
Architect: Pierre Fakhoury
Architectural style: Renaissance revival, Baroque Revival
Height: 518 feet at the top of cross
Historical events:

1985-1989- Construction
1990- Consecrated as a basilica by Pope John Paul II
2015- Hospital built near the church

Significance: It's good to see some non-European entrees in this list, especially coming from Africa. While Africa was late to the Christian wave (19th-20th century), they actually have some very devout regions throughout their continent making up 20% of the Catholic global population. This cathedral in the Ivory Coast is the crown jewel of Catholic churches in Africa. It's a modern design of St. Peter's basilica with a massive dome in the middle, four smaller domes, with a plaza, and a ring of column pillars. The inner chamber is also a unique circular congregation around the altar vs the typical nave formation. The church was a very ambitious project for the Ivory Coast, costing nearly 600 million, despite economic woes for their economy. It however broke the record for the largest church in the world by area (not by height). It was consecrated as a basilica in 1990 by Pope John Paul II

56. Esztergom Basilica

Location: Esztergom, Hungary
Construction Period: 1822-1869
Dedicated to: Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, St. Adalbert
Architectural Style: Neoclassical
Height: 328 feet
Famous tombs:

Cardinals and bishops

Historical events:

960-970- First Hungarian church built on this site by Prince Geza
1001-1010- King Stephen of Hungary built the first Catholic cathedral of Hungary on this location.
1180- Original cathedral destroyed by fire and later rebuilt
1543- The cathedral was conquered by the Ottomans
1822-1869- Current structure was rebuilt
1944-1945- Suffered heavy bombardment during WWII but was later restored

Significance: This is considered the mother church of Hungary and is a very similiar design to St. Stephen's Basilica in Budapest. The top point of this dome is slightly higher then the dome of St. Stephens Basilica. The location of this basilica is quite unique on the castle hill of Esztergom. This current basilica is the seventh church to have stood on this location. The interior of this church is just as impressive as St. Stephens with it's dome and frescoes covering the ceiling. It's classical style reigns supreme throughout the church with it's marble pillars and paintings across the wall. The altarpiece of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary by Michelangelo Grigoletti is the largest in the world. The Bakocz Chapel is the crowning jewel, a fully preserved Renaissance work that was dismantled and reassembled in this church. Although it's quite similar to St. Stephen's since it came before and it it slightly larger I'm going to include it I included it a little higher on the ranking since it came before and is a larger church.

55. Basilica dei Santi Giovanni e Paolo

Location: Venice, Italy
Construction Period: 1250-1338
Dedicated to: Saints John and Paul
Commissioned by: Dominican Order
Architectural Style: Venetian Gothic
Height: 106 feet
Famous relics:

Saint Catherine of Siena relics

Famous tombs:

25 Doges of Venice

Historical events:

1230-1234- Dominican order established a headquarters in Venice
1246- First church is built
1333- Second church is built
16th century- Many artistic renaissance works are added to the interior of the church
19th century- The basilica becomes a parish church with preservation campaigns

Significance: Commissioned as the seat of Dominican Power this basilica rivals San Marco in sheer scale and historical significance. The exterior is fairly plain, like a giant warehouse, defined with a dome, bell tower, and 3 spires at it's front. It's true claim to fame is the incredible Renaissance art inside which includes paintings from Giovanni Bellini and sculptures from Alessandro Vittoria. It also houses many tombs of notable Venetian patrons and political leaders; 25 in total. The tombs are displayed with great sculpted detail making this interior almost like a mausoleum. It is referred to as the pantheon of Venice, celebrating local and political leaders. Outside the church is the famous equestrian status of Bartolomeo Colleoni ( a famous Venetian military leader). It should also be noted that this church is not dedicated to the famous John the Evangelist and Paul the apostle. It is dedicated to the martyrs John and Paul who were Roman soldiers both executed during the 4th century for their Christian faith.

54. Salamanca Cathedral

Location: Salamanca, Spain
Construction Period: old cathedral 1236; new cathedral (1513-1733)
Dedicated to: Assumption of the Virgin Mary
Commissioned by: Ferdinand V of Castile
Architectural Style: Gothic, Platersque, Baroque, Romanesque
Height: 125 feet (old cathedral), 300 feet (new cathedral)
Famous tombs:

Medieval bishops of Salamanca

Historical events:

1100-1120- Diocese of Salamanca is restored after the Reconquista
1120-1250- 1st cathedral is built
1513-1733- 2nd cathedral is built
1755- Lisbon earthquake causes damage to cathedral
1988- Entire cathedral complex is dedicated as a UNESCO World Heritage site

Significance: The old cathedral was built first in 1236 in the typical desert-style Spanish fashion. It's key exterior feature is it's crossing tower laced with scales, water spouts, and a restore on top. The notable features of it's interiors are the frescoes, chapels, and sculpted wall tombs. In 1513 the new cathedral was built to replace the old one, however it was later decided that they would preserve and unite the two cathedrals. The new cathedral kept the same Gothic desert-like structure with scale features, bristly pinnacles, two domes, and a massive bell tower. Upon it's completion it became one of the largest and tallest churches in Spain. The inner nave is mesmerizing with it's massive vertical height, ribbed vaults, and stone columns. The church is also notable for it's choir stall and it's many shrines, chapels, and altars along the sides which include tombs and devotional artwork. Both cathedrals were recognized in 1988 as a UNESCO World Heritage site along with Old town of Salamanca.

53. Manila Cathedral

Location: Manila, Philippines
Construction Period: 1954-1958 (8th church)
Dedicated to: The Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Architectural Style: Neo-Romanesque
Height: 180 feet
Famous relics:

Fragment of the True Cross
Relic of St. John Paul II
Relic of Pope John XXIII
Relic of Pope Paul VI

Famous tombs:

Cardinals and bishops of Manila

Historical events:

1571- 1st church built after Philippines welcome Spanish missionaries
1954- The current (8th) cathedral is built to replace the previous 7
1981- Elevated to Minor Basilica by Pope John Paul II

Significance: There has been no cathedral built more times than in Manila, an astonishing 8 times. The previous churches were destroyed by fires, earthquakes, and WWII bombing during the Battle of Manila. The current building is built in the western Romanesque fashion with some unique eastern features. The front facade has 3 very deep portals and are adorned by four large statues on the main level depicting St. James the Greater, St. Andrew the Apostle, St. Francis Xavier, and St. Polycarp. On the upper level there are statues of St. Rose of Lima and St. Anthony the Great, with a cross held by two angels at the apex. There is central dome, and a bell tower with a smaller dome. The interior has a much more modern feel to it, with a smooth marble floor, and an illuminated aura with 130 stained glass windows. The high altar is the centerpiece with an impressive statue of Mary as the Immaculate Conception. It also holds one of the largest pipe organs in Southeastern Asia with 70 stops and 4 keyboards. It also houses several relics, making it an important pilgrimage stop. It's without question the most famous Catholic church in Asia.

52. Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception

Location: Washington DC, USA
Construction Period: 1920-1927 (1st phase); 1959 (2nd phase)
Dedicated to:
Architectural Style: Byzantine revival, Romanesque Revival
Height: 329 feet
Famous tombs:

Thomas J Shahan (Founder of the Basilica)

Historical events:

1913- Vatican approves national shrine to the Virgin Mary in Washington DC
1920-1927- Construction on the lower church
1959- Construction on the upper church
1990- Pope John Paul II elevates it to minor basilica
2017- Completion of the Trinity Dome Mosaic

Significance: It is the largest Catholic church in the United States, and rightfully so that it should be located in our nation's capital. It has an original design with thick masonry walls, a large arched entrance portal, a massive tower, and a distinctive colorful dome painted in the Byzantine fashion. Inside is just as amazing as the outside with a large collection of mosaic art painted on the domes, walls, and ceilings. The Trinity Dome is made of Venetian glass and depicts the Holy Trinity, the Immaculate Conception, and American saints. Behind the altar is an enormous mosaic of Christ in the Byzantine Pantokrator fashion (Christ in Majesty). There are also over 80 chapels throughout the church from different cultures showing devotion to Mary. It is without question the most impressive American church.

51. Basilica of San Vitale

Location: Ravenna, Italy
Construction Period: 527-547
Dedicated to: Saint Vitalis
Architectural Style: Byzantine
Height: 98 feet
Historical events:

522-526- Under Ostrogothic rule, King Theodric began plans to build a Christian church
540- After the death of King Theodric the Byzantines recapture the city of Ravenna, and the construction continues
547- Basilica is completed as an official Byzantine imperial church
751- Ravenna falls to the Lombards, yet the church survives without any damage
18 th century- Preservation efforts begin
1996- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Significance: When Ravenna was briefly the capital of the Byzantine Empire (from 571 to 751) this church served as it's Catholic center. Unlike the western Gothic format of the twin towers, this one is an octagonal plan with layered levels. Inside is a series of arches, columns, and artwork in the Byzantine fashion. It's true claim to fame however is the mosaics inside which reflect the reign of Justinian. These paintings represent the imperial throne's acceptance of Christianity as the one true faith. It also has a unique early iconography of Christ appearing young and without a beard. This church is considered one of the most important early Catholic churches and was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

50. Burgos Cathedral

Location: Burgos, Spain
Construction Period: 1221-1260
Dedicated to: Virgin Mary
Commissioned by: Saint King Ferdinand III of Castile
Architectural style: Gothic
Height: 289 feet
Famous tombs:

El Cid and his wife
King John II of Castile
Queen Isabella of Portugal

Historical events:

1221- Construction begins
15th century- Major additions to the church including the front spires
1497- Royal wedding between Prince John of Spain and Margaret of Austria
1921- El Cid buried in the church
1984- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Significance: This iconic Spanish gothic cathedral was built in various phases throughout the middle ages and into the Renaissance. The core structure was commissioned by Saint King Ferdinand III, however after 50 years the building progress hit a hiatus due to financial strains. The building resumed in the 1440s when the iconic front spires were built with their open skeletal design and flamboyant details. The church has a brownish desert quality to it with dozens of bristly pinnacles almost like a forest sitting atop a church. At the center of the church is a star-vaulted window that brings light down with heavenly illumination. The front altarpiece inside the church steals the show with it's golden frame of statues, representing a theological ladder with the crucified Christ at the top.

49. Marseille Cathedral

Location: Marseille, France
Construction Period: 12th century (1st cathedral); 1852-1893 (2nd cathedral)
Dedicated to: Virgin Mary
Commissioned by: Napoleon III
Architectural Style: Romano-Byzantine Revival
Height: 230 feet
Famous tombs:

Saint Eugene de Mazenod (Founder of Oblates of Mary Immaculate)

Historical events:

12th century- A new cathedral known as the Old Major is built in the Romanesque style
18th century- the church is severely damaged during the French Revolution
1852-1893- Old cathedral is demolished and new one is built
1897- Cathedral is elevated to minor basilica status

Significance: It's defining exterior feature is more Italian then French using the striped horizontal lines similar to Siena, Pisa, or Orvieto Cathedral. There are two bell towers at the front with five domes at the roof. It is quite limited in typical French gothic engravings, however does have 7 prominent statues above the door portal depicting Jesus and the apostles. The interior looks like a Christmas museum with it's red-and-white stripes, and golden mosaics. There is monumental canopy that hangs over the high altar as well as prominent sculptures of the evangelists, Christ, and St. Veronica. It is an unusual French cathedral from it's usual Gothic style, demonstrating Napoleon III's era.

48. Las Lajas Sanctuary

Location: Ipiales, Narino, Colombua
Construction Period: 1916-1949
Dedicated to: Our Lady of Lajas (Virgin Mary and child)
Architectural Style: Neo-gothic
Height: 330 feet (above river)
Famous relics:

Rock wall of the canyon where image of Mary appeared

Historical events:

1754- Apparition of Mother Mary with her infant Jesus
1756-1764- Small shrine built on the site of the apparition
1800s- Large bridge was built to carry pilgrims across the canyon
1916-1949- Neo-Gothic Basilica built
1954- Declared a minor basilica
1984- Declared a national monument of Colombia

Significance: This is one of those very unique fairy-tale castles that sits high up in a mountain gorge, attached with to a bridge. The unique location is considered a holy site, where Mother Mary appeared with her baby Jesus as an image on the mountain. After numerous miracles associated to this image and location a basilica was built. It's has a modern Gothic design to it, with it's bright white trim and gray base. It has 3 spires, with multiple pinnacles, the rose window, and the flying buttress as supports. The bridge itself is an impressive work of architecture, adorned with statues of angels. The inside has a high nave of golden ribbed vaults, with accented-columns, stained windows, and chandeliers. On the front wall behind the altar is the rock of the canyon with an image of Mary and her child. It's such an amazing church not only for its pilgrimage but also the sheer architecture of it all. I would consider as a monumental landmark of Colombia (alongside Guatape).

47. Matthias Church

Location: Budapest, Hungary
Construction Period: 1015 (1st church), 1255-1490 (2nd church)
Dedicated to: Virgin Mary
Comissioned by: King Stephen of Hungary, King Bela IV, King Matthias Corvinus
Architectural Style: Gothic, neo-gothic
Height: 262 feet
Famous tombs:

King Bela III and his wife

Historical events:

1015- Saint King Stephen of Hungary establishes the first church on this site
1241-1242- Church is destroyed by Mongol invasion
1255-1269- King Bela IV has new current church rebuilt
1458-1490- King Matthias is married here and expands church (it is named after him)
1541-1686- Budapest falls to Ottoman Empire (church is converted to Mosque)
1686- Marian Miracle of Buda- Wall in the church collapsed revealing hidden statue of Virgin Mary. Church is recaptured by Catholics
1873-1896- Major renovations on church
1987- Became a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with the Buda Castle Quarter

Significance: Not a church or basilica but I love the architecture on this one, most notably it's colorful tiled roof. It's a similar roofing style as St. Stephen's cathedral with orange geometric patterns known as Polychrome Zsolnay. This church has the Gothic structure to back it up, quite unique from western structures. It is asymmetrical with it's massive Matthias tower at the front, a spire in the middle, as well as a rose window, and one giant door portal. The chapel of Loreto and the pulpit are some of it's more famous interior features. The church has major historical relevance hosting two coronations ( Charles I and Franz Joseph) as well considered the site of a miracle when the statue of Mary was uncovered within it's walls. Oddly enough however the statues was not preserved as a relic, nonetheless this is still an amazing church worthy of the UNESCO Heritage Site.

46. Segovia Cathedral

Location: Segovia, Spain
Construction Period: 1525-1768
Dedicated to: Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Saint Fructus
Architectural Style: Spanish Gothic
Height: 289 feet
Famous relics:

Saint Fructus

Historical events:

7th century- Segovia emerges as a Christian stronghold led by their local Saint Fructus
12th century- 1 st cathedral of Segovia built
1520- Revolt of the Cumuneros destroys old cathedral
1985- Becomes a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Significance: This is another trademark Spanish monumental cathedral with it's distinctive desert-color trait. Once again that massive tower looks like it inspired the main castle of Kings Landing in Game of Thrones. Built during the Revolt of the Cumuneros it is referred to as the Lady of Cathedrals and is considered Spain's last great gothic cathedral. On the exterior it looks like it could be a fortress or castle, with one massive tower, a dome, and several pinnacles. The inside is even more surreal with it's high nave of sandstone columns and a beautiful pattern design on it's ceiling. There are numerous artworks of altarpieces, chapels, stained-glass windows, choir-stalls, and paintings. The cathedral is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with the old town of Segovia.

45. Basilica of John Lateran

Location: Rome, Italy
Construction Period: 4th century-16th century; 16th century-1735 (current building)
Dedicated to: Christ the Savior, John the Baptist, John the Evangelist
Commissioned by: Constantine the Great
Architectural Style: Baroque, Neoclassical
Height: 148 feet
Famous relics:

Skull of St. Peter
Skull of St. Paul
Many other relics of saints, martyrs, popes, and bishops

Famous tombs:

Pope Martin V
Pope Leo IX
Pope Sergius IV

Historical events:

313-318: Constantine legalizes Christianity in Rome and donates the Lateran palace grounds to the Catholic church
410- Sack of Rome damages church
455- Vandal Sack ruins church
10th- 13th century- Major renovations and site of the Latern Councils
14th century- Church suffers more devastation due to fires and poor management
18th century- Renovation with Baroque elements

Significance: This is one of the most historic cathedrals in Rome next to St. Peter's Basilica. It is papal major basilica, referred to as the "Mother and Head of all Churches" since it is the official catholic church of the Bishop of Rome. The church has undergone much renovation since it's first stone was laid in the 4th century. It hosted several key church counsels during the 1100-1200s (most notably the Fourth Lateran Counsel of 1215). By the 1400s the church lost it's front role due to the Avignon Papacy and later the emergence of St. Peter's Basilica. However it still to this day remains one of the most historic Catholic churches, and is one of the Seven Pilgrimage churches of Rome. The architecture is a classical structure, with it's iconic 15 statues standing at the roof with Jesus at the helm (similar to St. Peter's Basilica). The interior is filled with historical gems, mosaics, marble floor, shrines, and altarpieces. This church holds both historical and architectural importance.

44. Boudreaux Cathedral

Location: Bordeaux, France
Construction Period: 814 (1st church); 1096 (2nd church); 1280-16 th century (3rd church)
Dedicated to: Saint Andrew
Architectural Style: Gothic, Romanesque
Height: 266 feet
Historical events:

814- 1st cathedral during the Carolinian Empire
9th century- Destroyed by Viking raids
1096- 2nd cathedral built in Romanesque style
1137- Eleanor of Aquitaine marries King Louis VII of France inside the cathedral
1280-1330- Cathedral is completely rebuilt in Gothic fashion
1337-1453- Hundred Years delays construction progress
1615- King Louis XIII of France marries Anne of Austria in the cathedral
1789-1799- Church is stripped of treasures during French Revolution
1862- Church is identified as a national monument of France
1998- Church is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Significance: This one has the iconic French Gothic style however the layout is quite unique. Instead of the 3-door front facade, this one is more lateral oriented where the front door is aligned with the supporting transepts. While it has the two front towers, the back facade is much closer to the front facade with it's definitive 2 spires. From afar it looks as if the spires are shooting from the same front facade, but they are actually located on the backside (or vice-versa which over way you are looking). The interior is just as impressive with a high nave and more open space than most Gothic cathedrals. It also has some incredible stained-glass windows, a massive grand organ, and some chapels dedicated to the annunciation, Saint Anne, Charles Borromeo, and Saint Joan of Arc. This one has a rich history of two major royal marriages that altered European history; Eleanor of Aquitaine and Louis VII of France in 1137 and Louis XIII of France and Anne of Austria in 1615.

43. Wawel Cathedral

Location: Krakow, Poland
Construction Period: 1000-1142 (destroyed by raids); 1142-1305 (destroyed by fire); 1320-1365 (current building)
Dedicated to: Saint Stainslaus, Saint Wenceslaus
Architectural Style: Romanesque, Gothic, neoclassical, baroque, renaissance
Height: 230 feet
Famous relics:

Saint Stainslaus

Famous tombs:

King Casimir III the Great
King Wladyslaw Jagiello
King Sigismud the Old
King John III Sobieski
Tadeusz Kosciuszko (national hero)
Jozef Pilsudski (founder of modern Poland)

Historical events:

1000- First Poland Christian cathedral is built under Duke Mieszko
1038- Destroyed by Czech pagan raids
1142- Second Cathedral built
1305- Destroyed by fire
1320- Third and current cathedral built
1320- Wladyslaw I becomes first king crowned at cathedral
1386- Wladyslaw II coronation marks the beginning of Polish-Lithuanian union
1734- Augustus III becomes last coronation
1946-1958- Pope John Paul II is ordained bishop of Wawel before becoming pope
1978- Becomes a UNESCO heritage site the same year Pope John Paul becomes pope

Significance: This is the one of the more unique European cathederals that is actually a part of the castle complex. It has a variation of almost every major architectural style from Romanequse, Gothic, neoclassical, baroque, and renaissance. It is a colorful structure with 3 towers, the iconic Sigismund Bell, and several domes (the golden dome especially sticks out). This is considered the heart of Catholic Poland, and hosted many coronations during the Middle Ages. It has many notable tombs and relics of former kings, queens, and national heroes. One of it's modern claims to fame is that it was the church where Pope John Paul II served as bishop before becoming pope in 1978. One of the most notable features of Wawel is it's ring of 19 chapels dedicated to various devotions and Catholic orders. Due to it's impressive architecture and historical significance it was made a UNESCO heritage site along with the old town of Krakow.

42. The Pantheon

Location: Rome, Italy
Construction Period: 25-27 BC (destroyed by fire); 118-128 (present building)
Dedicated to: St Mary and the martyrs
Commissioned by: Marcus Vispsanius Agrippa (Roman general and statesman); Emperor Hadrian
Architectural style: Roman
Height: 190 feet
Famous relics:

Icon of the Madonna and Child
Relics of unnamed martyrs

Famous tombs:

Raphael (Renaissance painter)
Victor Emmanuel II (first king of Italy)
Umberto I (second king of Italy)

Historical events:

80- Destroyed by fire
118-128- Rebuilt under Emperor Hadrian
609- Converted to a Christian church
15th century- famous tombs installed in the catacombs (including Raphael)

Significance: Originally built as a Roman temple to honor the gods, it was converted in 609 AD by Pope Boniface IV. It is considered one of the oldest functioning Catholic Churches still in existence (even older then the Trier Cathedral and Lateran Basilica). It is defined by the classic Roman pillars at it's front and a massive rotunda dome at it's central core. There is a central oculus opening at the time that brings in light as if it were coming down from heaven. Inside looks like a museum of marble floors, columns, pillars, and shrines. I was lucky to have visited this place with my brother in 2017 and was quite impressed at the antiquity of it. Even though I see it more as an ancient Roman-wonder instead of a church, it is still officially recognized as a basilica and thus belongs on this list.

41. Barcelona Cathedral

Location: Barcelona, Spain
Construction Period: 1298-1913
Dedicated to: Saint Helena, the Holy Cross, Saint Eulalia of Barcelona,
Architectural Style: Catalan Gothic, Gothic revival
Height: 230 feet
Famous relics:

Saint Eulalia

Famous tombs:

Saint Eulalia
Saint Raymond of Penyafort

Historical events:

1298-1448- Main construction phase with it's iconic geese cloister
1519- Emperor Charles V organizes the first Order of the Golden Fleee meeting at the church
1882-1913- Front facade remains unfinished for 500 years, until this second major construction phase.
1910- Installation of massive Saint Helena statue at the apex

Significance: Not to be confused with the Sagrada Familia, this one came long before as the primary Gothic cathedral of Barcelona. It's defining feature is it's bristly spires and pinnacles, with Saint Helena standing at the top spire with the Holy Cross. The front facade is reminiscent of the French Gothic cathedrals with busy reliefs, sculptures, and a front door portal. The church is built with local Spanish stone, and has many unique gargoyles, monsters, and animals that serve as waterspouts. The interior chamber is a sight to behold with it's mass stone columns and high nave. The cathedral also has unique features including the crypt of Saint Eulalia, the choral chamber, and a courtyard cloister of 13 live geese which represent Saint Eulalia's young age of 13 when she was martyred. The church is also considered the headquarters for the Order of the Golden Fleece (one of the most prestigious chivalry orders in Europe). This church was once the pride of joy of Barcelona, however that attention has no shifted to the Sagrada Familia. Nonetheless this is still considered the seat of the bishop in Barcelona.

40. Genoa Cathedral

Location: Genoa, Italy
Construction Period: 1098-1110 (original structure); 17th century (various additions)
Dedicated to: Saint Lawrence
Architectural Style: Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance
Height: 197 feet
Famous relics:

Relic of St. John the Baptist
Wood fragments of the True Cross
The Sacro Catino (Holy Grail legend)

Famous tombs:

Famous cardinals, bishops, and nobles of Genoa

Historical events:

1098- Crusaders bring relics of the Holy Grail and St. John the Baptist to Genoa
1098-1110- Major rebuilding of old church begins in Romanesque style
1220-1240- Renovated to Gothic style
1307-1312- Fire damages front facade and is rebuilt
17th century- Final renovations marks completion of current church
1941- Hit during WWII by a shell that miraculously did not explode

Significance: This one has that distinctive white base with black stripped lines like a zebra, similar to the Siena and Marseille Cathedrals. It has gone thru major waves of expansion and renovation implementing a variety of Romanesque, Gothic, and Renaissance styles. Inside the nave continues with the black-line pattern on the walls along with Romanesque columns and arches, beautiful frescoes, all leading up to a beautiful golden altar and apse. The Chapel of St. John the Baptist is the most popular attraction, along with many other side chapels on both sides of the aisles. Below the main level of the church is a treasury museum that contains more relics and medieval artifacts (this also displays the WWII shell that hit the church but did not explode). The church also famously claims to have the true Holy Grail, of course this is a disputed claim and there are multiple candidates such as Valencia Cathedral.

39. Leon Cathedral

Location: Leon, Spain
Construction Period: 916 (1st cathedral); 1060-1073 (2nd cathedral); 1205-1302 (3rd cathedral)
Dedicated to: Saint Mary, mother of Jesus
Architectural Style: Gothic
Height: 223 feet
Famous relics:

Relics of Saint Forilan

Famous tombs:

King Ordono II of Leon
Bishops and nobles of Leon

Historical events:

916- First cathedral is built by King Ordono II
1060-1073- 2nd Romanesque Cathedral is built
1205- 3rd current Gothic cathedral is built
19th century- Massive restoration
1844- Becomes first national monument of Spain

Significance: This cathedral is a great fusion of Spanish flamboyant desert-style with French Gothic style. It is referred to as the Pulchra Leonina "Beautiful Leonese" and is a stop along the Camino de Santiago (Pilgrimage Route to Saint James that finishes at the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. It has the French features of the three door portals, central rose window, and flying buttress supports however it also has some unique Spanish features. The front two towers are separated from the main nave and supported by flying buttresses which is quite different. It is also heavy on flamboyant spires which for me is the defining Spanish style. It has one of the largest collections of stained-glass windows with 130 windows and 3 large rose windows (some of which are from the 13th century) giving it the nickname of House of Light.

38. Church of Our Lady, Bruges

Location: Bruges, Belgium
Construction Period: 1210-1230
Dedicated to: Our Lady of Bruges, mother Mary
Architectural Style: Gothic
Height: 401 feet
Famous relics:

Statue of Madonna and Child by Michelangelo

Famous tombs:

Mary of Burgundy (1482; one of the most powerful women in Europe)
Charles the Bold (1477; Duke of Burgundy)

Historical events:

1210-1239- Construction of present church begins first in Romanesque style
14th century- Transition to Gothic. Tallest brick tower in the world (401 feet)
1482- Mary of Burgundy and her father Charles the Bold are buried in the church
1504- Michelangelo's Madonna and the Child gets added
1794- Napoleon takes Michelangelo's status to France. But is later returned after the war in 1815
1944- Statue is once again stolen by the Nazis, and once again returned after the war
2000- Becomes a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with Old Town Bruges

Significance: I was fortunate to see this church from afar when I visited Belgium in 2017. I remember how prominent that tower was long the riverside. Unfortunately we went straight to the main plaza where we saw the second tallest medieval tower in the city (The Belfry of Bruges) and did not get a chance to enter the church. Along with it's massive tower it also has a distinctive central section that is connected with flying buttresses. It's claim to fame is the Renaissance artwork most notably the statue of Madonna and Child by Michelangelo (1504) which has been stolen several times but returned to the church. It also holds the tombs of some very famous Burgundian leaders including Mary of Burgundy and her father Charles the Bold. Surprisingly this beautiful and historic church is not a cathedral which goes to St. Salvator's Cathedral in Bruges.

37. Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua

Location: Padua, Veneto, Italy
Construction Period: 1232-1310
Dedicated to: Saint Anthony of Padua
Commissioned by: The Franciscan Order
Architectural style: Medieval romanesque, gothic, Byzantine
Height: 180 feet
Famous relics:

Tongue of Saint Anthony

Famous tombs:

Saint Anthony of Padua

Historical events:

1231- Death of Saint Anthony in Padua
1232-1310- Construction of the basilica
1263- Discovery of Saint Anthony's incorrupt tongue
2021- Declared a UNESCO heritage site

Significance: The appeal to this cathedral for me is it's domes that somewhat represent eastern Turkish cathedrals or the multiple domes of St. Mark's Basilica. I think that contrast of dome and spires really work well together in some of Istanbul's most famous mosques. This church serves as an important Franciscan pilgrimage site, since Anthony of Padua was a Franciscan himself. Inside the church there are many great works of art by Donatello and other Renaissance painters. The high altar of Donatello is considered among the greatest altars in all churches with it's marble base and impeccable detail of bronze statues and reliefs. Although it does not have the title of Cathedral, it is considered the pride of the city of Padua, referred to as il Santo.

36. Notre-Dame Basilica

Location: Montreal, Canada
Construction Period: 1823-1865
Dedicated to: Our lady mother Mary
Commissioned by: Sulpician Order
Architect: James O'Donnell
Architectural Style: Gothic Revival
Height: 200 feet
Famous tombs:

James O'Donnell (chief architect)

Historical events:

1657- Sulpician Order established it's foothold on ecclesiastic affairs in Montreal
1672- First Notre-Dame church is built
1823- Old church is replaced with a much more ambitious project meant to be a basilica
1830- Chief architect dies and is buried in the church
1891- Famous pipe organ is installed
1978- Fire damages the Sacred Heart Chapel
1982- Elevated to Minor Basilica

Significance: This is one of the most amazing Catholic churches in Canada, arguably all of North America. Commissioned by the Sulpician Order it became the largest church when it was completed in 1829. It's chief architect James O'Donnell famously converted from Protestantism to Catholicism on his deathbed so that he could be buried in the basilica. The exterior is fairly straight forward the most notable feature being the 3 facade statues of St. Joseph, mother Mary, and Saint John the Baptist. It's true claim to fame is it's theatrical interior, that looks like a grand modern opera theater. The top ceiling is colored in a deep blue with golden stars, surrounded by elaborate wooden ribbons and patterns. The front altarpiece is elevated like a stage, surrounded by elaborate patterns and sculptures of the crucifixion and the twelve apostles. The lighting inside is often colored and illuminated to really give it a modern theater feel. Another iconic feature is the massive pipe organ, one of the largest organs in North America. Despite it's fairly modern history, the church is one of the most visited monuments in North America attracting 11 million visitors a year.

35. Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida

Location: Aparecida, Brazil
Construction Period: Old basilica (1834-1888); new basilica (1955-1980)
Dedicated to: Our Lady of Aparecida, mother Mary
Architectural Style: Romanesque revival
Height: 358 feet
Famous relics:

Statue of Our Lady of Aparecida

Historical events:

1717- Discovery of the statue in Paraiba River
1734- First small chapel built dedicated Our Lady of Immaculate Conception
1834- Old Basilica constructed honoring the Marian shrine
1904- The papacy recognizes the statue as a holy relic
1930- Our Lady of Aparecida becomes the patroness of Brazil
2016- Basilica is raised the Cathedral status

Significance: It is the second largest church in the world after St. Peter's Basilica, dedicated to Our Lady of Aparecida. According to legend a clay statue of Mary was discovered by three fishermen, who later begun to catch an abundance of fish. The fishermen shared this miracle with the public and the devotion quickly spread throughout Brazil, where many miracles continued due to praying to this statue. The first basilica was built in 1834, however a much larger and more modern one was built nearby in 1955. The new basilica looks like a giant shopping mall or indoor amusement park. It does however have the iconic church features of a central dome and a massive clock tower. The interior is very spacious and is heavily illuminated, with colorful wall paintings of trees and nature. The central element is the altar that displays the tiny clay statue of Our Lady of Aparecida. This relic alone brings in approximately 10 to 12 million pilgrims a year, which is why the church was built to hold 300,000 people (including the exterior area).

34. Strasbourg Cathedral

Location: Strasbourg, France
Construction Period: 1015-1439
Dedicated to: Our Lady mother Mary
Architectural Style: Gothic, Romanesque
Height: 466 feet (tallest building in world from 1647-1874)
Famous tombs:

Bishops of Strasbourg

Historical events:

1015- First church is built with Romanesque style
1176- Fire destroys majority of church
1190-1250- Church is renovated with a newer gothic style
1439- Massive spire is completed
1525- The cathedral becomes a Protestant church
1681- Returns to Catholicism
1793- Briefly turned into a Temple of Reason during the French Revolution
1870- Church is damaged due to Franco-Prussian War
1939-1945- Church is damaged during WWII
1988- Church is declared a UNESCO site with Old Strasbourg (Grand Ile)

Significance: Here is another incredible French gothic church built during the middle ages with very elaborate detail. It stood as the tallest building in the world for over 200 years from 1647-1874 with it's massive tower reaching 466 feet high. It was later surpassed by the St. Nicholas Church of Hamburg. Today the Strasbourg Cathedral still stands as the sixth tallest church in the world. This one is a little different then most French gothic churches in that it has one tower, and not two towers at it's facade (the 2nd tower was planned but never built). It does however have the typical 3 portals, with the carved sculptures, rose window, and the flying buttress at it's flank. The interior is just as impressive with an unreal height to it's nave, stained glass windows along the sides, a finely carved pulpit, and it's iconic astronomical clock. This clock was put in place in 1574 and is a mechanical wonder for it's time as it puts apostles and planets in motion. Despite it's monumental structure, surprisingly the cathedral does not have any significant relics or tombs. However it is still considered a complete historical work of medieval Gothic art.

33. Siena Cathedral

Location: Sienna, Tuscany, Italy
Construction Period: 1196-1348
Dedicated to: Assumption of the Virgin Mary
Architectural Style: Gothic, Romansque, Classical
Height: 253 feet
Famous relics:

Relics of St. John the Baptist (the right arm)
Saint Catherine of Siena (Her severed head and ribs)
Saint Ansansus
Saint Victor and other local saints

Famous tombs:

Cardinals, bishops, and nobles of Siena

Historical events:

1215- Cathedral is built over a pagan site, reflecting Siena's booming economy and Christian influence
1348- Black Death kills half of Siena's population and halts production
15th century- Additions of renaissance art
1995- UNESCO World Heritage site

Significance: Here's one with a unique style defined by it's horizontal black line pattern, intricate front design, massive tower, and dome. The front facade is bathed with sculptural detail, 3 entrance portals, a massive round window, and 3 paintings depicting Mary's life. The interior is just as awe-inspiring with so much artwork on display. The columns continue with the black line pattern, while the ceiling has a majestic navy blue and star pattern. The marble floor and central pulpit are other defining features of this church that looks like something out of a magical fantasy movie. The cathedral had intended to compete with Florence to become the largest cathedral of it's time, however production was halted due to the Black Death.

32. Toledo Cathedral

Location: Toledo, Spain
Construction Period: 1226-1493
Dedicated to: Assumption of the Virgin Mary
Architectural Style: Gothic
Height: 302 feet
Famous relics:

The Great Monstrance
Relics of Saint Ursula
Fragment of the True Cross

Famous tombs:

Alfonso VII (Holy Roman Emperor 1126-1157)
Sancho III (King of Castile 1157-1158)
Sancho IV (King of Castile 1284-1295)
Other kings, royals, and nobles
Cardinals and bishops

Historical events:

8th century- Muslims conquer Spain and build a mosque to replace the Visigoth Christian church
1085- King Alfonso VI of Castile recaptures Toledo from the Muslims and converts the main Mosque to a Christian cathedral
1226-1493- Current Gothic cathedral is built under King Ferdinand III
1986- Becomes UNESCO World Heritage Site with the City of Toledo

Significance: This is another distinctive Spanish desert-style pinnacle heavy Gothic cathedral. It's front facade has a unique asymmetrical look to it, with a massive tower on one side and a dome tower on the other. The 3 door portals are heavy with the sculpted reliefs, taking inspiration from the French Gothic style. Inside are five parallel naves that offer a much wider space then most cathedrals. The walls and ceilings are like a museum of Renaissance and Baroque frescoes and sculptures (with notable paintings by El Greco, Velazquez, and Goya). El Greco's painting of The Disrobing of Christ is considered the gem located in the sacristy. The wooden stalls of the choir are considered one of the best in the world with their richly engraved detail. The high altarpiece is a massive golden wall of Gothic art depicting biblical scenes. Another famous relic inside is the Great Monstrance which was created in 1515 out of gold and very intricate detail. There are many chapels inside, which includes a chapel dedicated to the king burials (most notably the tomb of Holy Roman Emperor Alfonso VII).

31. Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes

Location: Lourdes, France
Construction Period: 1865-1876 (1st Basilica); 1883-1902 (2nd basilica); 1957 (3rd Basilica)
Dedicated to: Our Lady of Lourdes, mother Mary
Architectural Style: Gothic (Immaculate Conception); Byzantine (Lady of the Rosary); Modern (St. Pius Basilica)
Height: 230 feet (Spire of the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception)
Famous relics:

Spring and the Grotto (Where the Marian apparitions occurred)
Relics of Saint Bernadette

Historical events:

1858- Bernadette sees visions of Mary dressed in white at a grotto.
1862- Official Church recognition of the miracle
1865-1876- Construction of the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception
1883-1901- Construction of the Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary
1933- Bernadette is canonized as a saint
1957- Basilica of St. Pius is completed

Significance: This is considered one of the most popular Marian Devotion sites alongside Guadalupe and Fatima. According to legend Bernadette witnessed 18 apparitions of Mother Mary dressed in white at the Grotto of Massabielle. Mary identified herself as the Immaculate Conception and requests prayer, penance, and that a chapel be built. The church quickly recognized this miracle as worthy of belief and went thru with the basilica. The site quickly expanded into one basilica, then two basilicas, then an entire sanctuary with 3 basilicas dedicated to the holy site. This construction is quite incredible built on a hillside (somewhat like Los Lajas) like a scene right out of a fairytale movie. The main basilica is built directly over the grotto where the apparitions occurred (which is a shallow rock cave with spring water that has a statue of the Virgin Mary). The Basilica of the Immaculate Conception is the primary upper church that stands tall like a medieval castle with it's front spire. The lower Rosary basilica is much smaller with a central dome. There is also a 3rd basilica of St. Pius that was built underground for large capacities of up to 20,000 people. It is the 3rd most popular pilgrimage sites, bringing an annual 4 to 6 million pilgrims a year (behind the Sanctuary of Guadalupe and Vatican City).

30. Trier Cathedral

Location: Trier, Rhineland-Palatine, Germany
Construction Period: 326-340 (first building); 1235-1270 (current building)
Dedicated to: Saint Peter the Apostle
Commissioned by: Constantine the Great, Bishop Maxim
Architectural style: Romanesque
Height: 249 feet
Famous relics:

Holy Robe of Christ
Skull of St. Helena
Nails from the cross

Historical events:

882- Devasted by viking raids
10th-12th century- rebuilding era
12th- 19th century- seat of the archbishop of Trier, one of the seven prince electors of the Holy Roman Emperor
1512- Discovery of the Holy Robe

1944-1950- Damaged during WWII, rennovated.

1986- Designated a UNESCO World Heritage site
Significance: It is the oldest church in Germany first commissioned by Constantine the Great to replace ancient Roman buildings. After being devastated several times by Viking raids it was later rebuilt during the middle ages. With it's iconic four towers it resembles more of a medieval castle than the typical church format. The church also has a unique system of cloisters and corridors that connect to the adjacent Liebfrauenkirche (Church of Our Lady) built in 1230. Despite being renovated and rebuilt, the church still has remainders of the ancient Roman columns. It has an impressive high alter of Baroque art, a chapel dedicated to the holy robe of Christ, and three crypts.

29. Basilica of Notre Dame de Fourviere

Location: Fourviere, Lyon, France
Construction Period: 1872-1884
Dedicated to: Mary, mother of Jesus
Architect: Pierre Bossnan
Architectural style: Romanesque Revival, gothic revival, neo-Byzantine
Height: 157 feet
Historical events:

1643- The leaders of Lyon promised they would dedicate their city to Mary if she saved them from the plague
1870- The leaders of Lyon once again vowed to build a chuch if they were spared from the devastation of Franco-Prussian War
1998- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Lyon region.

Significance: It's one of the more modern French cathedrals built in the late 1800s, but still has that typical French extravagant style. It is made of white marble with four spired towers, a dome at its front with a statue of Saint Michael the Archangel, and another dome with a golden statue of Mother Mary. The front facade has four pillars leading to the doorway, and is covered with intricate designs and sculptures of the gospels and the angels. The cathedral's true claim to fame, however, is the incredible interior of golden mosaics. Looking up at the pillars and 3 domes in the ceiling are truly celestial as they portray Mary's glory in the church as well many other mosaics. There is also a lower church dedicated to Saint Joseph that is much humbler in nature compared to the lavish main basilica. The church was

28. Pisa Cathedral

Location: Pisa, Italy
Construction Period: 1064-1278
Dedicated to: Assumption of the Virgin Mary
Architect: Buscheto
Architectural Style: Classical, Romanesque
Height: 186 feet
Historical events:

1064- Construction begins on cathedral
1152-1278- Construction on baptistery and leaning tower
1595- Major fire causes interior damage
1987- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site
1990-2001- Stabilization of the leaning tower of Pisa

Significance: It is one of the most iconic sites in Italy due to it's leaning tower, however it is often overlooked as a cathedral complex. The grounds have four separate distinct buildings that include the main cathedral, it's famous leaning tower, a cemetery (known as the monumental holy field), and a baptistry (dedicated to St. John). All of the buildings are built with a similar white stone base in the neo-classical fashion heavy on pillars and arches. There is sculptured relief throughout the exterior, but nothing too overly abundant. At the top apex is a statue of the Virgin Mary carrying the infant Jesus flanked by two angels at the corners. The inner nave of the cathedral is aligned with columns and an incredible ceiling of golden recessed squares. There are also massive frescoes of Christ Pantocrator behind the altar and the Assumption of Mary within the dome. The baptistry has a colorful orange dome (reminiscent of the Florence Cathedral) with a striped interior of columns. The most iconic feature is the oddity of it's leaning tower which has slowly tilted since it's first construction. This is due to being built on shallow foundation which caused it to sink on one side. It was however stabilized recently with modern engineering, and visitors are still allowed to access the tower to this day.

27. Rouen Cathedral

Location: Rouen, Normandy, France
Construction Period: 1030-1063; 1145-1250; 14th-16th century; 1825-1876
Dedicated to: Assumption of Mary
Architectural style: Gothic, Renaissance
Height: 495 feet (tallest building in world from 1876-1880)
Famous relics:

Heart of King Richard I of England (the Lionheart)
Relics of Saint Romain

Famous tombs:

Rollo (Viking leader, first duke of Normandy)

Historical events:

1063- Cathedral is consecrated in the presence of William the Conqueror (three years before he would conquer England)
12th- 16th century- continuous expansion
1876-1880- Tallest building in the world (surpassed by the Cologne Cathedral)
1940-1944- Several damaged during WWII however restored.

Significance: This is a towering behemoth of great French gothic cathedrals. Built over an 800 year timespan, it has three incredible towers with a different style. The top spire is made of iron and was the final touch of the cathedral which made it the tallest building in the world from 1876-1880. The center facade has 3 entry door portals laced with impeccable sculpture detail There are 70 standing statues with hundreds of relief figures sculpted in the portals. This includes statues of the old testament prophets, apostles, bishops, saints, angels, kings, and queens. Inside the church is just as impressive with it's massive high reaching nave surrounded by stone pillars. There are many stained-glass windows throughout the interior that divide the church into dark yet also light areas. There are also the tombs of famous Norman Vikings, dukes, and even the heart of Richard the Lionheart. It still stands as the tallest church in France, and one of their most treasured monuments (as celebrated by the 30 paintings of Claude Monet).

26. Monreal Cathedral

Location: Monreal, Sicily, Italy
Construction Period: 1172-1267
Dedicated to: Nativity of the Virgin Mary
Comissioned by: King William II of Sicily
Architectural Style: Norman, Romanesque, Byzantine
Height: 213 feet
Famous relics:

Relics of Saint Louis IX of France (Heart and entrails)

Famous tombs:

King William II of Sicily (William the Good)- damaged during fire of 1811
King William I of Sicily (William the Bad) - damaged during fire of 1811

Historical events:

1172- King William the Good ordered construction of a church after receiving a vision from Mary
1176-1183- Granted cathedral and archdiocese status
1183-1189- Painting of famous mosaics on interior
1811- Fire destroys a large part of the cathedral
2015- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Significance: Upon it's completion it was considered one of the most affluential cathedrals during the middle ages, due to it's archdiocese connection to the pope. The church also was partnered with a nearby Benedictine monastery who played a pivotal role in building the church. The structure has the look of a Spanish-styled fortress with a notable cloister at it's center with 228 paired columns. The interior is the church's true claim to fame with incredible Byzantine style mosaics that cover most of the wall and ceilings. At it's center is a famous painting of Christ in the Pantocrator fashion (considered one of the largest painted depictions of Christ from the medieval age). According to legend the church was commissioned by King William the Good after he received a vision from Mary. The vision pointed him to a treasure that was to be used to build the church. William used this legend to counter Palermo's power and support his new church in Monreal as divine and royal authority.

25. Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe

Location: Guadalupe, Mexico
Construction Period: 1709 (first basilica); 1976 (new basilica)
Dedicated to: Our Lady of Guadalupe, mother Mary
Architectural Style: Mexican Baroque, Modernism
Height: 330 feet
Famous relics:

Tilma of Saint Juan Diego (Cloak that displays the miraculous apparition of the Virgin Mary in 1531)
Saint Juan Diego relics

Famous tombs:

Saint Juan Diego

Historical events:

1531- The Virgin Mary appears four times to Saint Juan Diego requesting that a church be built. Her image miraculously appears on a cloak
1530-1700- A small shrine is built at the site and pilgrimage begins immediately
1709- Old Basilica of Guadalupe is constructed
1974- Modern basilica is constructed

Significance: This complex consists of two basilicas that honor the apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe, mother Mary. Legend has it her image was miraculously displayed on a cloak with roses. It is considered one of the most important Marian shrines in all of Catholicism (especially Latin America). It receives nearly 20 million visitors a year, making it one of the most visited religious sites in the world. The Old Basilica was built near the site of the original apparition that occurred in 1531. Once the building began to show signs of wear and sinkage, a newer basilica was built right next to it in 1976. Both basilicas are next to each other, with an open plaza layout that holds massive crowds of visitors. The newer basilica is a modern circular structure with the Lady of Guadalupe painted above the main altar, visible throughout the interior. The old Basilica is a Baroque structure, with much more ornamental designs than the newer one. The high number of pilgrimage is no doubt due to the housing of this holy relic. It is among the most famous relics in Christianity, next to the Holy Grail, the True Cross, the Shroud of Turin or Veronica's veils.

24. Santa Maria della Salute

Location: Venice, Italy
Construction Period:
Dedicated to: The Virgin Mary
Architectural Style: Baroque
Height: 148 feet
Famous relics:

Madonna the Mediator (Byzantine painting from the 12th century)
St. Jerome Emiliana relics

Historical events:

1630-1631- Deadly bubonic plague devastates the city of Venice killing one-third the population
1631- 1687- The Venetian Senate makes a vow to build a church dedicated to the Virgin Mary to save them from the plague
1863-1883- Church undergoes restoration
1921- Elevated to minor basilica

Significance: The church was originally built as a vow to the Virgin Mary to save them from the plague (which actually did end the same year construction began). It's one of the newer major churches of Venice (alongside St. Marks Basilica, Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, and Santi Giovanni e Paolo). It's one of the most distictive buildings of the Venice skyline with it's massive two domes that match the color of the Venetian lagoon. The church is one of the most famous pure Baroque buildings (alongside St. Peter's Basilica). There are about 125 statues on the exterior of the church that are a little weathered due to wind and saltwater exposure. Unlike most western tunnel naves, this is an octagonal floor plan with it's massive dome in the middle. The baroque style continues insides with it's patterned floor, columns, paintings, and many more statues. The high altar is the focal point with it's famous Byzantine painting of Madonna the Mediator (dedicated as a symbol of her saving Venice).

23. Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls

Location: Rome, Italy
Construction Period: 386; 1823-1840 (Mostly rebuilt due to fire damage)
Dedicated to: Saint Paul the Apostle
Architectural Style: Neoclassical
Height: 240 feet
Famous tombs:

Saint Paul the Apostle

Historical events:

64-67- St. Paul the Apostle is martyred under emperor Nero. He is buried outside the city walls
324- Constantine the Great has the tomb of St. Paul replaced with a basilica
386- Emperor Theodosian demolishes Constantine's church and replaces it with a much larger basilica (largest church in Rome at it's time)
5th- 9th centuries- Survived natural disasters and fires, and underwent various renovation phases
1823- Massive fire destroys the majority of the church. Considered one of the worse architectural disaesters in Christian history
1823-1840- While some of the ancient structure is preserved it is mostly rebuilt

Significance: It is considered one of the most ancient and 2nd most important churches in Catholic tradition behind St. Peter's Basilica. What's great about this church is that it is built directly over the historical grave of Saint Paul (with recent excavation validity). Unfortunately the majority of the original building was burnt during the 1823 fire, however some of the structure was preserved. It's current layout is still quite impressive, built with a Greek classical style and a massive cloister (80 monolithic columns). The iconic golden mosaic on it's front facade depicts Christ in majesty, flanked by Peter and Paul, and the four prophets below them (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekeil, Daniel). The apse mosaic inside above the high altar is an original painting from the 5th century that survived the fire. A Benedictine monastery is adjacent to the basilica as they are considered the custodians of this important site. It is considered one of the four papal basilicas and one of the seven pilgrimage churches of Rome.

22. Aachan Cathedral

Location: Aachen, Germany
Construction Period: 790-800
Dedicated to: Virgin Mary
Commissioned by: Charlemagne
Architectural Style: Ottonian, Carolingian-Romanesque, Gothic
Height: 236 feet
Famous relics:

Mary's dress
Jesus' swaddling clothes
Jesus' loincloth
The cloth used for the head of John the Baptist after his beheading
Charlemagne relics (Golden bust of Charlamagne, Cross of Lothair, Persephone sarcophagus)

Famous tombs:

Charlemagne

Historical events:

790-800- Foundation of the Palatine Chapel begins under Charlemagne
814- Charlemagne is buried in the chapel
936- Otto I is crowned king of Germany in the church, followed by 30 other kings
12th century- Structural reinforcements, including installation of the Barbassoa chandelier
1531- Ferdinand I becomes last German king to be coronated here
1794-1815- Chuch is briefly occupied and looted by Napoleon's french army
1939-194- Chuch suffers heavy bombing during WWII
1978- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Significance: It is one of the most historic churches in central Europe, that once stood as the Episcopalian center of the Holy Roman Empire. It became a coronation church similar to Westminster or Reims, hosting 30 coronation ceremonies. The design was modeled after the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, with a similar Byzantine octagonal style mixed with some Gothic elements. It does have a front facade or the symmetrical balance of most Gothic churches, rather a layered structure with a central dome and principal tower. The interior does not have the central nave format, rather 8 sides to it with a lower and upper level. The side walls are covered in stained-glass windows and paintings, with a dome mosaic of the four evangelists, and a chandelier hanging in the middle (known as the Barbassoa chandelier). Since it was a medieval hotspot for pilgrimages, it has many famous relics and tombs, most notably the burial place of Charlemagne. The Shrine of the Virgin Mary carries four very sacred relics including Mary's dress, Jesus swaddling clothes, Jesus' loincloth, and the cloth used for the head of John the Baptist. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site for it's rich architectural and historical significance.

21. Church of Our Lady before Tyn

Location: Prague, Czech Republic
Construction Period: 11th century (1st church); 1256 (2nd church); 1360-1511 (3rd and current church built)
Dedicated to: Our Lady of Tyn, mother Mary
Architectural Style: Gothic
Height: 260 feet
Famous relics:

Baptismal font of Prague (1414)

Famous tombs:

Tycho Brahe (famous astronomer from the Renaissance)
Jan Rokycana (famous Hussite theologian)

Historical events:11th century- Romanesque church built in the central plaza of Prague

1256- Church was replaced by a larger gothic church
1360s- 3rd and present church built
1400s- Church becomes a key headquarters for the Hussite movement and it is turned to a Protestant church
1620- Following the Battle of White Mountain the church was reclaimed as a Catholic church
1679- A lightning strike caused major devastation to the church
1876-1995- Restoration and renovation

Significance: This is one of the most distinctive and famous churches in Prague (aside from the Vitus Cathedral). I was fortunate to see this one first hand when I visited this city in 2022. It's most defining feature is it's 2 spire towers, that have sub-spires attached to them. In between the two massive spires at the apex is a golden statue of Mary, that is surrounded with pinnacles. The sandstone brick and the black roofs of the spires make for an incredible contrast. I just love the exterior of this church, even though it is somewhat hidden by other buildings in the central plaza. On the inside of the church, the towering high altar takes center stage with it's lavish golden columns and sculptures. There are 19 altars along the side of the church with ornamental Baroque/Gothic designs. This church once famously stood at the center of the Hussite movement but was later restored to Catholicism. Nonetheless the church still recognizes the Hussite movement with shrines and tombs as part of national history. Surprisingly, it is not a cathedral or basilica however it is truly one of the most monumental churches in Czechia.

20. Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar

Location: Zaragoza, Spain
Construction Period: 1681-1754
Dedicated to: Our Lady of the Pillar
Commissioned by: King Alfonso I of Aragon
Architectural Style: Baroque, Neo-Mudejar
Height: 312 feet
Famous relics:

The Pillar of the Virgin
Statue of Our lady of the Pillar

Historical events:

1st century- According to legend Mary appears to the Apostle James in Zaragoza and leaves behind a pillar of jasper stone
3rd century- First chapel built on the stie of the pillar (One of the earliest Marian shrines)
1118- After the Reconquista, a new Romanesque Church is built by King Alfonso I of Aragon
1681-1754-Church is rebuilt in the Baroque style.

Significance: This church is built in dedication of the Lady of the Pillar, the Virgin Mary. According to tradition Mother Mary appeared to the Apostle James the Greater during his travels in Spain. She left him a pillar of stone as a symbol to build a church in Zaragoza. This is considered to be the first Marian apparition which occurs before her death (while she still lives in Jerusalem). The church is so unique from any other Catholic church, almost like a marriage of western baroque with middle-eastern (referred to as Neo-Mudejar). It looks like a fairy-tale castle with it's central dome, colored roof domes with spires, and four tall towers at each corner. It's even more magnificent in the evening when it's lights reflect off the Ebro River. The interior is unlike most central nave systems, but rather wide segmented space accentuated by the columns and domed ceilings (some of which were painted by Francisco Goya). It is highly decorated with Baroque artwork and paintings, altarpieces, marble floor, and gilded surfaces. The Pillar Shrine is the main relic and devotion of the church and is displayed in a ornate enclosure.

19. Church of the Nativity

Location: Bethlehem, Israel
Construction Period: 339 (1st church); 530-565 (2nd church);
Dedicated to: Jesus, Mary, and Joseph
Comissioned by: Saint Helena, Constantine the Great
Architectural Style: Romanesque
Height: 50 feet
Famous relics:

Grotto of the Nativity

Historical events:

326-327- Saint Helena identifies the location of the birth of Christ, and orders a basilica built on the site.
339- First Church of the Nativity is built
529- Church is destroyed during Samaritan revolts
530-565- Emperor Justinian has church rebuilt on a larger scale
614- Persian Invasion takes control of the church but does not destroy it
1099-1169- Crusaders reclaim the church as part of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, further renovations and expansions
13th century- Ottomans take control of the region but once again does not destroy it
2012- Site is declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site
2013-2019- Further renovation efforts

Significance: It is the sacred sight of the nativity in Bethlehem discovered by Saint Helena (she is credited with 3 major churches; Holy Sepulcher, Church of the Nativity, and Church of the Ascension- that was destroyed). The building itself is a fairly ancient structure of pale stone and brick, with a bell tower and by no means an architectural wonder. It's the actual sacred site itself that receives millions of visitors and pilgrims. The main entrance is referred to as the Door of Humility a very small doorway where people have to crouch to ender as opposed to the usual massive church portal doors. The interior is fairly dark similar to the Holy Sepulcher with 44 columns, with floor and wall mosaics. The main feature is the Grotto of the Nativity (the site of the manger) , a simple limestone shrine, that is adorned with lamps, ornaments, and a silver star. It is a simple building yet still attracts up to 2 million visitors per year (would likely be more if there wasn't such political turmoil in the region). It is certainly on the bucket list to see these ancient churches and sites in the Holy Land.

18. Sacre Coeur Basilica

Location: Paris, France
Construction Period: 1870-1914
Dedicated to: Sacred Heart of Jesus
Architecture: Paul Abadie
Architectural Style:
Height: 272 feet
Famous relics:

Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque

Historical events:

1870- Franco-Prussian War. France is defeated and many Catholics fear it is punishment from God
1871- Paris Commune uprising launches from Montmartre hill and is supressed after a few months
1872-1875- Montmartre is chosen as the construction site due to it's high position overlooking the city
1914- Construction is completely before outbreak of WWI
1919- Quickly elevated to minor basilica

Significance: It was built as an act of devotion after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and the Paris Commune of 1871 seeking to restore humility with Christ. It has an Indian style to it with it's bright white stone structure and 5 massive domes that are quite similar to the Taj Mahal. The building is known for an unusual bright white color that is especially illuminated after rainfall. It has a statue of Jesus at the center and two massive green equestrian statues of Saint Louis and Saint Joan of Arc standing to the sides. It has one of the largest bells in the world known as La Savoyarde. On the interior is one of the largest mosaics in the world depicting Christ as the majesty. It also has many sculptures, stained-glass windows, and a massive pipe organ. It sits a top the Montmartre hill in Paris, and is one of the most iconic monuments in the city alongside the Eifel Tower, Notre Dame, and the Arc de Triumph.

17. Saint Vitus Cathedral

Location: Prague, Czechia
Construction Period: 1344-1929
Dedicated to: Saint Vitus, Saint Wencsesalus, and Saint Adalbert
Commissioned by: King Charles IV (Holy Roman Emperor)
Architectural Style: Gothic
Height: 337 feet
Famous relics:

Relics of St. Wenceslas
Relics of St. Vitus
Relics of St. Adalbert

Famous tombs:

St. Wenceslas
Charles IV (Holy Roman Emperor)
St. John of Nepomuk
Ferdinand I (Holy Roman Emperor)
Maximillian II (Holy Roman Emperor)

Historical events:

930- St. Wenceslas has a Romanesque rotunda built in Prague
1060- It is replaced by a larger Romanesque basilica
1344- King Charles IV becomes Holy Roman Emperor and commissions a grand new Gothic cathedral befitting of Prague
1347- Coronation of King Charles IV
1419-1434- Construction pauses due to Hussite War
1541- Major fire destroys a large part of the building
1836- Coronation of King Ferdinand V of Bohema
1929- Finally completed after 600 years
1992- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site with Old Prague

Significance: It is one of most iconic buildings in the amazing city of spires, perched high up on a hill overlooking Prague. I was fortunate to see this cathedral in 2022, and was blown away how it seems to float over the city. It really looks like one of those vampire-like castles with it's darker base that is heavy on spires and pinnacles. It's top green spire is the iconic highpoint of Prague. The flying buttress is especially prominent on the eastern facade with it's multi-faceted layers which include 3 chapels with green roofs. The rose window and stained-glass windows inside are a main feature, with many medieval artwork as well as art nouveau. The Chapel of Saint Wenceslas is another major highlight inside decorated with over 1300 gemstones. It took over 600 years to finish this church, and it served as the heart of the Golden Age of Prague during the 1400s. It is rightfully so a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with the region of Old Prague. It is really a gold mine for famous relics and tombs of the likes of St. Wenceslas, St. Vitus, St. Adalbert, and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV. You wouldn't think that Prague being in Central Europe would have such a rich history of Catholicism.

16. Seville Cathedral

Location: Seville, Spain
Construction Period: 1401-1506
Dedicated to: Saint Mary of the See
Architectural Style: Gothic, Moorish, Renaissance
Height: 345 feet
Famous relics:

Thorns from the Crown of Thorns
Saint relics
Royal treasures of art, gold, silver, and jewels

Famous tombs:

Christopher Columbus
Saint King Ferdinand III
King Alfonso X the Wise
Many other Spanish royals and nobles
Spanish cardinals and bishops

Historical events:

1172- Great Mosque is built under the Islam rule Almohad
1248- King Ferdinand III of Castile recaptures Seville and converts the mosque to a Catholic cathedral
1401-1506- The old mosque is tore down and replaced with a new Gothic cathedral
1755- Lisbon earthquake causes damage to the church
1888- Dome collapses and is rebuilt
1987- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Significance: This is another Spanish fortress-church with the Moorish desert-style, spires, and pinnacles galore. When the church was completed in 1506 it surpassed the Hagia Sophia as the largest church in the world. It held this title for 120 years until it was surpassed by the rebuilt St. Peter's Basilica (Seville is currently the 4th largest behind St. Peters, Aparecida, and Cordoba). The Giralda tower of the cathedral is the most distinctive feature, which is actually a Moorish minaret that was part of the original mosque structure. The interior is massive with a golden ceiling and holds the largest altarpiece in the world. Known as the Retablo Mayor it was designed by Pierre Dancart and has 45 biblical scenes with over 1000 engraved figures. It's other major claim to fame is housing the tomb of Christopher Columbus that is carried by four kingly statues. There are paintings throughout the church by famous artists such as Murillo, Goya, and Zurbarian. It also has over 80 chapels inside (including the Royal Chapel with the tomb of Saint King Ferdinand III). This is such a historic church that was once considered the center of the Age of Exploration.

15. Milan Cathedral

Location: Milan, Italy
Construction Period: 1386-1965
Dedicated to: Nativity of the Virgin Mary
Commissioned by: Gian Galeazzo Visconti (Ruler of Milan)
Architectural Style: Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassical
Height: 356 feet
Famous relics:

The Holy Nail (one of the nails from the cross)
Secondary relics of the saints such as St. Ambrose

Famous tombs:

Tomb of St. Charles Borromeo

Historical events:

4th- 1th centuries- Two Christian churches were built on the center of Roman Mediolanum (Winter and Summer Cathedrals)
1075- Fire badly damaged the complex
1386- Construction begins on the current Gothic cathedral
1805- Napoleon was crowned in the Doumo
1965- Official completion of the cathedral (579 year project)

Significance: Referred to as the Duomo it is the iconic landmark of the historic Italian city of Milan. It's most striking feature is its 135 spires (by far the most of any Catholic church). It is also the largest church in Italy and 5th largest in the world by it's interior area. The highest and most famous spire is the Madonnina with a golden status of the virgin Mary on top. It also has an astounding 3000 statues (2000 on the exterior and 1000 inside). The interior is quite dark with minimal light coming from stained-glass windows (aside from the incredible long vertical windows behind the altar). The nave is enormous with 52 massive columns of stone holding up the roof. One of the most famous features inside is the Holy Nail Relic, believed to be from the Crucifixion of Christ. It also holds the tomb of St. Charle Borromeo, one of the leading figures of the Counter-Reformation. It's an incredible work of architecture, and most definitely on my bucket list. It was just recently at the center of world attention during the 2026 Winter Olympics.

14. Chartres Cathedral

Location: Chartres, France
Construction Period: 1194-1220
Dedicated to: Our Lady of Chartres, the Virgin Mary
Architectural Style: Gothic, Romanesque,
Height: 377 feet
Famous relics:

Sancta Camisia (The Virgin's Veil)

Historical events:

350-400- 1st cathedral built with bishop seat
876- The Sancta Camisia relic arrives to Chartres
962- Cathedral destroyed due to fire
11th century- 2nd cathedral built in Romanesque fashion
1194- Massive fire destroys cathedral
1194-1220- Construction of 3rd current Gothic cathedral
1594- Coronation of King Henry IV (since Reims was controlled by the Catholic League)
1836- Massive roof fire
1979- Declared UNESCO World Heritage Site

Significance: It's one of the most famous French Gothic churches that still stands from the medieval ages, and has probably caught on fire more than any other church in history. The previous two were destroyed by fire, and the third one caught fire twice. Unlike most French Gothic facades, this one has two striking symmetrical spires at it's front (one is Romanesque and one is Flamboyant fashion). The sculpted relief is a little laxer than most French cathedrals but it still has the detailed portals, a sequence of kings, queens, Mother Mary, and Christ at the Apex. The interior is even more impressive with its high nave columns and labyrinth pattern on its floor. It also has one the largest collection of stained-glass windows (over 170) many of which are still from the 12th-13th century. The crypt is also a famous historic feature that was part of the 2nd cathedral and survived the 1194 fire (the Sancta Camisia relic also survived the fire). Despite all it's fires it is still considered one of the best-preserved medieval cathedrals in the world.

13. Florence Cathedral

Location: Florence, Italy
Construction Period: 1296-1436
Dedicated to: Saint Mary of the Family
Architect: Arnolfo di Cambio, Filippo Brunelleschi
Architectural Style: Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance
Height: 376 feet
Famous relics:

Saint Zenobius (Bishop and patron saint of Florence)

Famous tombs:

Filippo Brunelleschi (Architect of the iconic dome)

Historical events:

1296- The construction of the cathedral is built as a direct replacement of the Santa Reparata church (built in the 4th century)
1334-1366- Bell tower is completed
1348- Black death severely halts construction
1418-1436- Major challenged of how to construct the dome. A contest is held and Filippo Brunellschi win's with some groundbreaking engineering
1572-1579- Last judgement is painted on the inside of the dome
1871-1887- Front facade is painted
1982- Cathedral becomes a designated UNESCO site along with Old Florence

Significance: It is one of the most iconic buildings of the Renaissance age, with it's iconic orange brick dome (which was the largest dome of it's time) designed by Filippo Brunelleschi. The exterior black line square patterns also makes this cathedral quite unique, along with it's multiple semi-domes. It's freestanding bell tower makes a great contrast on the opposite end to the massive dome. The Baptistery of St. John is also a freestanding building that is considered a part of the overall complex. There is really no church quite as iconic and unique as this one, and has it's own categorization of Florentine architecture. The interior is surprisingly much more reserved than it's exterior, with some distinctive floor patterns, and it's famous fresco of the last Judgement on it's dome. The famous painting of Dante and the Divine Comedy is also housed inside the cathedral, celebrating the Florentine poet. It was declared a UNESCO site along with Old Florence in 1982.

12. Saint Chapelle

Location: Paris, France
Construction Period: 1241-1248
Dedicated to: Virgin Mary, King Saint Louis IX
Commissioned by: King Saint Louis IX
Architectural Style: Gothic
Height: 245 feet
Historical events:

1239- Saint Louis IX acquires the Crown of Thorns from Constantinople
1241-1248- Saint Louis IX commissions a major royal chapel to hold the relic
15th century- Important relics are moved to Notre Dame
1789-1799- Saint Chapelle is damaged and looted during French Revolution
1830s-1860s- Major restoration phase
1862- Declared a French national monument
1991- Declared a UNESCO

Significance: It's one of the most beautiful church interiors defined by it's 15-foot-long stained-glass windows (70% are still originals from the medieval construction). The majority of the surface walls are covered by the long glass windows that depict over 1000 biblical scenes. The exterior is a fairly narrow gothic design with pinnacles along the perimeter, massive spire at it's center, and a statue of Saint Michael the Archangel holding a cross. This church was originally built as a private chapel for King Saint Louis IX and other kings, and did not become public until the 1860s. Since this was built inside the king's palace it was never meant to be a public church, cathedral, or basilica. It once held many great relics from the Passion that were later relocated to Notre Dame and other museums. Today it serves more as a national museum than a functioning church or chapel. I wish I had known of this site when I visited Notre Dame in 2017 as it is only a couple blocks away. It's now definitely on my bucket list.

11. Santiago de Compostela (Galicia)

Location: Galicia, Spain
Construction Period: 814 (1st church); 829 (2nd church); 899 (3rd church); 1075-1211 (4th current church)
Dedicated to:
Commissioned by: King Alfonso VI
Architectural Style: Romanesque, Gothic, Baroque
Height: 246 feet
Famous tombs:

Saint James the Greater
Saint Athanasius (Disciple of James)
Saint Theodore (Disciple of James)

Historical events:

813-814- A miraculous light is discovered at the tomb of Saint James the Greater along with two disciples. A chapel is built on the site
829- A church is built on the site
899- A larger basilica is built on the site commissioned by King Alfonso III
997- Church is destroyed by Almanzor of Cordoba. Tomb is spared
1075- Construction begins on current cathedral.
12th- 15th century- Becomes a central pilgrimage capital in Europe
1985- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Significance: During the middle ages it was considered one of the three great pilgrimages of Christendom alongside Rome and Jerusalem since it holds the tomb of Saint James the Greater and two of his disciples. The architecture is worthy of the sacred site, with incredible sculpted detail on it's facade including Jesus in the central Portico de la Gloria flanked by the apostles and saints. It has the classic Spanish desert color with four towers that stand at each corner giving it a nice frame, the front two being the larger twin bell towers, and a central clock tower. The interior has the impressive high nave ceilings with stone columns and archways. There are two main levels, a lower and upper gallery that encircles the central nave. The high altar is of baroque design with a statue of Saint James at it's center. The crypt of the famous tombs are underground containing the 3 saints with space for pilgrim traffic. This is one of the holiest burial sites along the tombs of St. Peter and St. Paul and a very important Catholic church.

10. Reims Cathedral

Location: Reims, France
Construction Period: 1211-1345
Dedicated to: Our Lady of Reims, mother Mary
Architectural Style: Gothic
Height: 266 feet
Famous relics:

Holy Ampulla (Small vial of sacred oil that anointed Clovis during his baptism)
Saint Remigius (the bishop who baptized Clovis)

Historical events:

496- Clovis, king of the Franks baptized by Saint Remigius
820-862- Carolingian cathedral built in Reims
1210- First cathedral is destroyed by fire and replaced by Reims cathedral
1223- Louis VIII is crowned king at Reims Cathedral
1429- Charles VII is crowned king at Reims Cathedral with Joan of Arc present after a key victory during the Hundred Years War
1654- Louis XIV the sun king is crowned king at Reims Cathedral
1793- Holy Ampulla destroyed during French Revolution
1825- Charles X becomes last king to be crowned at Reims
1914-1918- Cathedral heavily shelled during WWI; however later restored
1991- Becomes a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Significance: One of the most amazing churches built during the Medieval age, with impeccable Gothic detail on it's facade. This one looks quite similar to Notre Dame of Paris, and some would make the case that it even surpasses it. There are approximately 2,300 statues carved in the exterior of the church, making it one of the most sculpted churches in the world. This includes statues of kings, angels, prophets, apostles, even monsters and mythical creatures. It also has three portal doors, two giant bell towers at it's front, a massive spire at it's back, and the iconic flying buttress along it's back-side. The interior is a little more reserved than it's busy exterior, it's point of emphasis being the rose window surrounded by more sculptures. The inner chamber is also laced with high stone columns, altar pieces, choral stands, chapels, and incredible stained-glass windows. Aside from it's incredible architecture the church also has a significant history being the place where Clovis, king of the Franks was baptized as well as many French coronations (including Charles VII and the Sun King Louis XIV. Joan of Arc also stood in this cathedral to celebrate the victory of Orleans and witness the coronation of Charles VII. Due to all these historical events the church has been deemed a UNESCO Heritage site.

9. Sistine Chapel

Location: Vatican City
Construction Period: 1473-1481
Dedicated to: Virgin Mary of the Feast of the Assumption
Commissioned by: Pope Sixtus IV, Pope Julius II
Architect: Baccio Pontelli
Architectural Style: Renaissance
Height: 68 feet
Historical events:

1473-1481- Construction of the pope's Apostolic Palace
1481-1482- Wall Fresco Renaissance paintings by Botticelli, Ghirlandaio, and Perugino
1492- First conclave held in Sistine chapel
1508- Pope Julius II commissions Michelangelo to paint the ceiling with the biblical stories of Genesis
1513- Raphael's famous 10 paintings of the lives of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in the adjacent library suite referred to as the Raphael Rooms.
1536-1541- Michelangelo is commissioned once again to paint the Last Judgement on the altar wall
1870- Papal states are seized by the Kingdom of Italy. Pope Pius IX retreats into the Sistine Chapel
1878- The Sistine Chapel becomes the permanent location for the Papal Conclave

Significance: Although not an official church, basilica, or cathedral the Sistine Chapel is not only the central location for the papal conclave, but also can celebrate regular mass (often presided by the pope himself). The chapel is located within the pope's official residence known as the Apostolic Palace (right across from St. Peter's Square). This chapel is just far too important, historic, and artistic to not include with these other giant cathedrals (I also included Saint-Chapelle which would have a similar distinction). The Sistine Chapel was built around the same time as St. Peter's Basilica as the pope's official residence. In 1492 it hosted it's first papal conclave and several more during the 1500s. The conclave was then moved to other various Roman venues until it returned to Sistine Chapel in 1878. It has hosted approximately 30 papal conclaves. The exterior itself is quite plain, just a brown-brick fortified building with the measurements of Solomon's Temple. The interior is where the true magic unfolds, with a shrine of Renaissance frescoes by the biggest names such as Botticelli, Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Raphael, and Michelangelo. It's overwhelming art, painting s that cover every inch of the ceiling and walls. This includes Michelangelo's famous Creation of Adam and the Last Judgement; as well as Perugino's famous Delivery of the Keys. I actually did get to walk thru this chapel in 2017 and was simply mesmerized by all the art on display. It truly felt like looking up into heaven. I don't think I've ever felt such a powerful presence of the lord (even though I was surrounded by tourists).

8. St. Marco Basilica

Location: Venice, Italy
Construction Period: 829-836; 976; 1063-1094
Dedicated to: Mark the Evangelist
Architectural Style: Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic
Height: 141 feet
Famous relics:

Relics of Saint Mark

Famous tombs:

Saint Mark the Evangelist

Historical events:

828- Venetian merchants smuggle the relics of Saint Mark from Alexandria, Egypt to Venice.
829- First church is built dedicated to Saint Mark
976- Church is destroyed by a fire and rebuilt
1063-1094- Current basilica is built
1204- The Crusaders sack Constantinople and bring back many spoils of war to the Basilica of Saint Mark
1200-1400s- Massive works of mosaics began to cover the majority of the inner walls of the basilica
1797-1818- Napoleon steals the quadriga and places it on the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel in Paris. It is later returned to Venice after his defeat.
1987- Added as a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Significance: It is such a landmark cathedral in the historical city of Venice. The cathedral looks like something right out of a fairytale movie, in the backdrop of the blue waters of Venice. With it's quadriga, domes, pinnacles, and colorful facade it truly is a sight to behold. It is a unique blend of eastern Byzantine architecture with western Roman and Gothic architecture. Since it was built in the 11th century the church also has a very vintage almost ancient quality to it. Inside is like a museum of art and history, with hundreds of mosaics on the walls. The crown jewel of course is the tomb of St. Mark the Evangelist buried under the central altar. The only other church that can compare with the magnitude of this relic is St. Peter's Basilica which holds the tomb of St. Peter. This is arguably one of the most significant Catholic churches in the world, but it's also the most at risk due to frequent flooding in Venice. It is definitely on my bucket list.

7. St. Stephen's Cathedral

Location: Vienna, Austria
Construction Period:
Dedicated to: Saint Stephen
Architectural Style: Romanesque, Gothic, Baroque
Height: 447 feet
Famous relics:

Thorns from the Crown of Thorns
Last Supper Tablecloth
Relics of St. Valentine

Famous tombs:

Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor)

Prince Eugene of Savoy
Famous bishops of Vienna
Historical events:

1137- First church is built in the Romanesque fashion
1258-1263- Fire devastates much of the building leading to a complete reconstruction
1359- The church is renovated with more Gothic features
1723- Elevated to cathedral
1782- Mozart's marriage
1791- Mozart's funeral
1945- Cathedral is damaged by fire during WWII
1945-1952- Church is repaired (most notably it's roof with the iconic colored tiles)

Significance: I just love this church for the massive Gothic tower (referred to as Steffl) but also for it's colored tile patter. It has 230,000 colored tiles of green, yellow, black, and white with geometrical patterns. The main distinction is the design of Habsburg coat of arms with two black eagles that also represent Vienna and Austria. It also has the number 1950 which marks the date the tiles were installed after WWII reconstruction. The church is really in it's own category of European architecture mixing Romanesque, Gothic, and Baroque with incredible intricate detail. The interior is just as amazing with massive columns that are detailed with sculptures and shrines. The high altar piece is the elaborate Baroque centerpiece with a black frame and a painting of St. Stephen being stoned. Beneath the cathedral are thousands of bodies in the catacombs which include the Holy Roman emperor and many Habsburg nobles. The church played a significant part in Mozart's history as the site of his marriage and funeral. It's without question the pride and joy of Austrian Catholic identity. I'm so glad to have seen the magnificence of this cathedral in 2022, and bought a replica that sits in my house today.

6. Cologne Cathedral

Location: Cologne, Germany
Construction Period: 1248-1560 (1st phase); 1842-1880 (2nd phase); 1950-present (restoration phase)
Dedicated to: Saint Peter the Apostle
Architectural Style: Gothic
Height: 515 feet (3rd tallest chuch in the world)
Famous relics:

Shrine of the Three Kings
Geno Crucidix (oldest monumental crucifix north of the Alps)

Famous tombs:

Adolf of Nassau (King of the Romans- 1292-1298)
Archbishops of Cologne

Historical events:

870- The Carolingian Old Cathedral is built becoming Germany's oldest episcopal seat
1164- The Archbishop of Cologne acquires the relics of the Three Magi, turning the church into a pilgrimage site
1248- Construction on the new Gothic Cathedral begins with intended goal to be the largest
1530-1560- Construction stops due to money shortages
1842- King Frederick William IV of Prussia pushes for the completion of the cathedral
1880- Surpasses the Rouen Cathedral to become the tallest building in the world.
1939-1945- Despite 90% of Cologne being destroyed by WWII bombing, the church miraculously is left standing.
1996- Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Significance: One of my favorite works of Gothic architecture due to that iconic black color, massive twin towers, and it's intricate facade. The church truly looks like it belongs in a dark fantasy about vampires or something. It also has a rich history as one of Germany's oldest Catholic bishop seats and home to the famous relics of the Three Wise Men. It's also a rare example of survival thru multiple trials; surviving the Protestant Reformation and WWII. Only a few major Catholic cathedrals in northern Europe survived conversion from the Protestant Reformation (including St. John's Cathedral Hertogenbosh, St. Stephen's Vienna, Trier Cathedral, and Cologne). The Cologne Cathedral also has the proud claim of being the tallest building in the world from 1880-1884 (later surpassed by the Washington Monument). The highlight inside the cathedral is the Shrine of the Three Kings that is displayed behind the altar. This houses the famous relic of the Three Magi in a miniature golden basilica. Other notable features include the high gothic choir chamber, medieval stained-glass windows, the massive nave, the Gero Crucifix, and many other tombs and chapels. It's also quite astounding that this building survived WWII, while other great Catholic German churches were destroyed such as St. Nicholas Church and Frauenkirche Dresden. This one is most definitely on my bucket list for it's history and it's incredible architecture.

5. Notre Dame

Location: Paris, France
Construction Period: 1163-1250
Dedicated to: Our Lady the Virgin Mary
Commissioned by: Bishop Maurice de Sully
Architectural Style: Gothic
Height: 315 feet
Famous relics:

Crown of Thorns
Fragments of the True Cross
Crucifixion nail

Famous tombs:

Archbishops of Paris

Historical events:

4th century- Cathedral of Saint-Etienne is built to replace a Gallo-Roman temple dedicated to Jupiter
1163-1250- New Gothic cathedral is built to replace Saint-Etienne
1239- Crown of Thorns relic brought to Notre Dame
1431- Coronation of Henry VI (English King claiming French throne during the Hundred Years War)
18th century- Major renovations under King Louis XIV
1790- During the French Revolution the church is looted and transformed into a Temple of Reason
1804- Napoleon crowned emperor inside Notre Dame
1844-1864- Major renovations including the famous neo-Gothic spire
1914-1945- Survived both World Wars II
1991- Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site
2019- Terrible fire destroys the roof and spire
2024- Restored and reopened

Significance: It is one of the most famous churches in the world and the prime example of the French gothic structure with perfect symmetry. This iconic design went on to influence other major French gothic cathedrals such as Chartres, Bourges, Reims, and Amiens. The key features of it's front facade includes the twin bell towers, the central rose window, a statue of Mary flanked by two angels, the gallery of 28 statues (Kings of Judah), and 3 door portals with hundreds of sculpted reliefs. Other iconic features include it's massive central spire with 16 green copper statues, the flying buttresses, and mythical statues such as gargoyles, chimeras, and strix that serve as decorative water spouts. Inside the cathedral is the ultra-high channel of the nave defined by columns, arches, and overhead ribs on the ceiling. There are 3 rose windows and many other stained-glass windows that help illuminate the shadowy interior. The church owns some of the most famous relics, such as the Crown of Thorns, however it is currently displayed in the Louvre (for better security). It's a landmark of Paris but also the Catholic Church, and I'm so glad I got to see it in 2017 with my brother. It was horrifying when the chuch caught on fire in 2019 but I'm very glad they were able to restore it back to it's full glory.

4. Sagrada Familia

Location: Barcelona, Spain
Construction Period: 1882-2034
Dedicated to: Jesus, Mary, and Joseph
Architect: Antonio Gaudi
Architectural Style: Gothic Revival, Art Nouveau, Modernista
Height: 566 feet (tallest church in the world)
Famous tombs:

Antonio Gaudi (1926)- chief architect
Josep Maria Bocabella- founder of project

Historical events:

1882- Construction of the crypt begins under Francisco de Paula del Villar
1883- Villar resigns and Antonio Gaudi takes over due to cost disputes
1914- Gaudi cancels all other commissions to focus entirely on the cathedral
1926- Gaudi dies and is buried in the crypt
1936-1939- Gaudi's workshop is destroyed by anarchists during the Spanish Civil War
1954- Building resumes after much debate and questions on Gaudi's plans
1984- Crypt is declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site
2010- Church is declared a minor basilica
2011-present- Construction is accelerated thanks to modern technology
2025- surpasses Ulm Minster as tallest church in the world

Significance: It is the monumental landmark of Barcelona and one of the greatest Catholic churches of the modern era (and it's still not even finished yet). I am very grateful to have seen this with my own eyes and walked inside the church in 2017. Gaudi's design is truly in a category of it's own, like a massive crown or forest of enormous spires (18 total towers). The outer exterior is showered in excessive carvings, reliefs, and sculptures. The interior carries on with the natural theme of a forest, with colorful illumination. The massive columns look like trees that branch upward holding up the gigantic nave. Stained-glass windows pour in with brilliant colorful lights. It is truly a surreal and modern sight to behold that glorifies Christ, mother Mary, and St. Joseph as the sacred family.

3. Church of the Holy Sepulcher

Location: Jerusalem, Israel
Construction Period: 326-335; rebuilt (1009-1048)
Dedicated to: Crucifixion and Resurrection of Christ
Commissioned by: Constantine the Great, Saint Helena
Architectural Style: Paleochristian, Romanesque
Height: 115 feet
Famous relics:

Chapel of the Invention of the Cross
Golgotha- Rock of the Crucifixion
Stone of the Anointing

Famous tombs:

Empty tomb of Jesus Christ

Historical events:

326-335- Site is explored and identified by Constantine's mother Saint Helena. The church is built over a pagan temple
614- Church is damaged by a Persian invasion
1048- Byzantine reconstruction
12th century- Crusader kingdom renovates the church

Significance: This is the sacred site where Jesus was crucified and buried in the tomb of Joseph of Arimethea. It was also here that Saint Helena discovered the true crosses buried underground. The pagan temple was destroyed and the land was excavated and flattened so as to all fit in one single church. The church consists of several significant chambers that glorify the events of the Passion of the Christ. The church is celebrated more so for it's religious significance then it's architectural significance, however it does still stand out as a massive building near the sacred center of Jerusalem. It's defining feature are it's two massive grey domes with golden crosses. The larger rotunda holds the tomb of Christ and is surrounded by columns, piers, and devotional shrines. It has an underground feel to it, with dark chambers and candles as if you're walking thru a cave. The design is meant for pilgrims and is the final few stations of the cross along the Via Dolorosa walk. It has so much sacred history and is certainly on my bucket list.

2. Mont Saint Michael Abbey

Location: Manche, Normandy, France
Construction Period: 1023-1523
Dedicated to: Saint Michael the Archangel
Comissioned by: Bishop Aubert of Avranches
Architectural style: Romanesque and Gothic
Height: 508 feet including rocky mount and top of Saint Michael statue
Famous relics:

Skull of Saint Aubert (Who first received the vision to build this monastery)

Historical events:

708-709- Bishop Aubert of Avranches receives visions from Michael the Archangel to build a church on the rocky mount.
847- Viking raid destroys and loots the church
966- Benedictine abbey established in Normandy
1023-1066- 1st phase of construction of the abbey church
1204- Destruction and rebuilding
1337-1453- Used as a military fortification during the Hundred Years War. Was never captured by the English
1793-1863- Was converted into a prison during the French Revolution
1979- Was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site
2001-present- Returned to being a Monastic fraternity

Significance: This is an incredible Catholic monastery in Normandy I have written about many times now. Although it is not officially a basilica or cathedral there is no other monastery that even compares in grandiose scale and so I want to include it with the other major Catholic wonders. I'll focus mostly on the abbey church that sits atop a vertical stacking hill on a rocky island. The monastery looks like something out of a fantasy movie (Return of the King Minas Tirith to be exact). The spire is the central emphasis of the structure that gives the whole thing it's counterpoint. On top of the spire is a statue of Saint Michael the archangel slaying a dragon. Inside the abbey church is nothing too artistic or colorful, however the rock structure of the nave with it's ceilings makes for an impressive sight. There are also large glass windows at the top interior that bring light shining into the main aisle of the church. This church was prominently featured in the film To the Wonder, and has ever since been on my bucket list.

1. St. Peter's Basilica

Location: Vatican City
Construction Period: 4th century- 1400s (1st Basilica); 1506-1626
Dedicated to: St. Peter
Commissioned by: Pope Julius II
Architect: Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Architectural Style:
Height: 448 feet
Famous relics:

The tomb and baldacchino of St. Peter
The Pieta (Michelangelo's sculpture)
Veronica's Veil
The Holy Lance
Fragment of the True Cross
The Skull of Saint Andrew
Th Chair of Saint Peter

Famous tombs:

Saint Peter
Saint Simon
Saint Jude
Saint Pope Gregory the Great
Saint Pope Leo the great
Saint John Chrysostom
Saint Pope John Paul II
Many other Papal tombs in the underground Grottoes
Queen Christina of Sweden (one of the few non-popes to be buried here)

Historical events:

64-67 AD- St. Peter is believed to be martyred in Rome during the reign of Nero
320-330- Constantine orders a basilica be built directly over Peter's tomb
1506- Pope Julius II orders the old basilica be demolished and replaced by a newer one
1546- Michelangelo becomes chief architect and provides many famous Renaissance paintings
1626- Current structure is completed after 120 years
1656-1667- Bernini builds St. Peter's square
1870- End of Papal States
1929- Vatican City established with St. Peters Basilica as it's main landmark

Significance: It is the largest and most famous church in the world, considered the capitol of the Catholic Church (strange that it is in Rome and not Jerusalem). The basilica is the center-point of what really is a sanctuary complex of multiple buildings, referred to as St. Peter's square. The basilica is built in the neo-classical fashion with it's giant columns, and massive central dome. The statues on the top are the 11 apostles, with John the Baptist, and Jesus Christ at the center holding the cross. There are two clocks on each edge surrounded by angels. There is then a curved colonnade with 284 columns and 148 statues of the saints. At the center of the plaza is a giant Egyptian obelisk that was built in 1850 BC and was relocated from Egypt to Rome by emperor Caligula (the stone is nearly 4000 years old). The interior is even more awe-inspiring with it's high marble nave, where the walls and ceilings are covered in gold leaf, sunken panels, and incredible Renaissance art. The mosaic of the dome is astounding as it brings it rays of light thru it's windows, as if the heavens and holy spirt are shining down below. At the center is an icon of God the father surrounded by Jesus, Mary, the angels, saints, and bishops of the church. The centerpiece of the church is the Baldacchino designed by Bernini which contains the tomb of Saint Peter. It stands nearly 90 feet tall with twisted columns of elaborate bronze and golden detail. Michelangelo's Pieta is also a major highlight of the church, one of the most famous sculptures in history. It's truly like walking into a warehouse of pure heavenly art. I made it to St. Peter's Square in 2017 however did not set foot in the basilica due to the very long line. This is still very much so on my bucket list.

Saturday, May 16, 2026

Top 100 Favorite Catholic Churches

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