Architecture: Top 10 Basketball Arenas

Basketball is probably my 4th or 5th favorite sport, so I'm probably not as familiar with every stadium. However as a lifelong sports fan I am no stranger to the biggest and most iconic basketball programs and the great arenas they play in. I remember first following professional basketball in the mid 1990s during Michael Jordan's dominant years with the Chicago Bulls. I later became a fan of college basketball in 2003 when I decided to attend Indiana University. And finally I became an Indiana Pacers fan since I moved to Indy in 2010. In this post I'm going to highlight my favorite basketball areanas, both college and professional. These also happen to be the most successful and iconic basketball programs in the country.

My Top Ten Favorite Basketball Arenas

10. Bankers Life Fieldhouse

Location: Indianapolis, IN

Tenants: Indiana Pacers (NBA)

Year Constructed: 1999

Capacity: 17,923

Architect: Ellerbe Becket

Significance: Although the Indiana Pacers have yet to win a championship, unlike the other teams on this list, it is still one of the best arenas. This is because of the Indiana basketball tradition, that brings out one of the most loyal of fanbases in the country. I myself have been to this stadium several times now that was once known as the Conseco Fieldhouse. The stadium itself is a very modern and comfortable enclosure. The court can be seen from every seat in the house, and it has one of the largest jumbo screens in basketball. Their dance team known as the Pace-mates, and their mascot, Boomer, makes for one of the most entertaining experiences in the game. 

9. Breslin Center

Location: East Lansing, MI

Tenants: Michigan State Spartans (NCAA)

Year Constructed: 1989

Capacity: 16,280

Architect: HNTB

Significance: Since their first championship in 1979 with Magic Johnson, the MSU Spartans appeared on the radar as a new basketball power. They later hired Tom Hizzo in 1983 and the new dominant program emerged quickly after. It's stadium and environment became one of the most notorious in the Big Ten for it's extremely high energy. In 2000 the Spartans won their 2nd national title. They were then able to transfer the hardwood floor of which they won their championship at the RCA dome, to become the new floor of the Breslin Center. It is this type of creativity that makes the Breslin Center won of the best stadiums and atmospheres in all of basketball. I have seen this stadium several times having worked and visited family in Lansing, MI.

8. Hinkle Fieldhouse

Location: Indianapolis, IN

Tenants: Butler Bulldogs (NCAA)

Year Constructed: 1928

Capacity: 9100

Architect: Fermor Spencer Cannon

Nickname: Indiana's Basketball Cathedral

Significance: It is known as the Cathedral of Indiana Basketball, the sixth oldest college basketball stadiums still in use. Although Butler has not won a national championship they have gone to the national championship twice and have become one of Indiana's most iconic basketball teams. The field house is national historic landmark. It was renamed from the Butler Fieldhouse to the Hinkle Fieldhouse in honor of Tony Hinkle who coached the team for 40 years. The stadium was also the home setting for the iconic 1986 film, Hoosiers. I have actually been inside this stadium several times yet have not witnessed a game there, yet.  

7. Cameron Indoor Stadium

Location: Durham, North Carolina

Tenants: Duke Blue Devils (NCAA)

Year Constructed: 1940

Capacity: 9,314

Architect: Horace Trumbauer

Significance: Since the hiring of Coach Mike Kryzewski in 1980, Duke has emerged as one of the top college basketball programs in the country. They have won 5 titles since 1990 and established a modern dynasty legacy. The stadium is one of the older stadiums still in use, named after Eddie Cameron, who managed the team for 30 years, from 1926 to 1972. The court is named Coach K court, after their leader and most winning college basketball coach of all time. It's atmosphere is among the highest energy in the game.

6. United Center

Location: Chicago, Illinois

Tenants: Chicago Bulls (NBA), Chicago Blackhawks (NHL)

Year Constructed: 1994

Capacity: 20,917

Architect: Populous, WE Simpson Company

Nicknames: The Madhouse on Madison

Significance: It was built in 1994 during the Chicago Bulls rise to greatness under their superstar player Michael Jordan. The fans witnessed 3 incredible championship runs at the United Center from 1996, 1997, and 1998. The stadium quickly gained worldwide recognition for it's successful team. Besides the greatness brought on from the Bulls is the greatness brought on from their professional NHL hockey team, the Blackhawks. The Blackhawks have brought  recent championships for their fans to witness in 2010, 2013, and 2015. With those two teams, especially the Bulls, United Center has been considered a house of champions. It also happens to be the largest NBA arena. 

5. Rupp Arena

Location: Lexington, KY

Tenants: Kentucky Wildcats (NCAA)

Year Constructed: 1974

Capacity: 23,500

Architect: Ellerbe Becket

Significance: It is home to one of the most successful college basketball programs in the country. Since it's construction in 1974, the Kentucky Wildcats have gone on to add 4 more national championships to their grand total of 8. The stadium is named after their legendary head coach Adolph Rupp who coached the team for over 40 years, brought them 4 championships, and is the 4th most winning coach of all time. The stadium is a homage to his honor as well as the successful tradition of Kentucky basketball. It is also the 2nd largest college basketball stadium after the Syracuse Carrier Dome. 

4. Staples Center

Location: Los Angeles, California

Tenants: Los Angeles Lakers (NBA), Los Angeles Clippers (NBA), Los Angeles Kings (NHL)

Year Constructed: 1999

Capacity: 19,060

Architect: NBBJ

Significance: It is perhaps one of the busiest arenas in all professional sports as it is home for 3 major sports franchises, the Lakers, the Clippers, and the Kings (NHL). Outside the stadium is a busy plaza with statues of Lakers legends; Magic Johnson and Karim Abdul Jabbar as well as hockey legend Wayne Gretzky. Since it's construction in 1999, the LA Lakers re-emerged as their former dominant selves. The team went on to win 5 championships in a decade, led by Coach Phil Jackson, and their superstar duo of Kobe Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal. The arena is one of the most entertaining atmospheres in the league and is often loaded with LA celebrities. 

3. Simon Skjodt Assembly Hall

Location: Bloomington, Indiana

Tenants: Indiana Hoosiers (NCAA)

Year Constructed: 1971

Capacity: 17,222

Architect: Eggers & Higgens

Nicknames: The Carnegie Hall of Basketball

Significance: It is a Midwestern gem, the iconic home of the legendary Indiana Hoosiers. Before the stadium was built the Hoosiers had already established themselves as a national power house thanks to two champions won by head coach Branch MaCracken in 1940 and 1953 (of which the court at Assembly Hall is named after). However upon Bob Knight's arrival in 1971 the program reach an even higher standard with 3 additional championships in 1976, 1981, and 1987. During his 30 years coaching for IU at Assembly Hall, Bob Knight became one of the all time winningest coaches in basketball history under only Coach K of Duke and Jim Boeheim of Syracuse. In the 2000s post Knight era, the Hoosier program has continued to expand with new renovations to it's stadium including a new jumbo screen. I have been to this stadium multiple times and can say it's environment truly lives up to it's reputation. It is an incredible atmosphere and a proud gem of Indiana culture.   

2. Allen Fieldhouse

Location: Lawrence, KS

Tenants: Kansas Jayhawks (NCAA)

Year Constructed: 1955

Capacity: 16,300

Architect: Charles L. Marshall 

Nickname: The Phog

Significance: It is one of the most historically significant college basketball arenas in action, home to the successful Jayhawks program. The stadium is named after Dr. Forrest Phog Allen, who coached at Kansas for nearly 40 years. The court has a special significance being named after James Naismith who is credited with inventing the game of basketball and founding Kansas' basketball program. The arena is often claimed to be one of the loudest centers in all of college basketball. The program has 3 national championships and is always in contention for more. I have actually seen this stadium when I visited my cousin who once lived in Lawrence.

1. Madison Square Garden

Location: New York City, NY

Tenants: New York Knicks (NBA), St. Johns Red Storm (NCAA), New York Rangers (NHL) 

Year Constructed: 1968

Capacity: 19,812

Architect: Charles Luckman Associates
Nickname: The Mecca, The Garden, The World's Most Famous Arena

Significance: It is one of the oldest active professional venues in Ne w York City and the 2nd oldest in the NBA. It's current building is actually the 4th venue to bear it's name, located in the heart of New York City near the Empire State Building. It i a multi-purpose arena used by the New York Knicks, the St. Johns Red Storm, the New York Rangers. It has been home to many significant sporting tournaments and famous boxing matches such as Ali vs Frazier. Aside from sports it is also one of the busiest music arenas, with the 4th highest selling tickets in the world. It's basketball audience has overseen 2 New York Knicks championships. I myself have set foot inside the incredible Madison Square Garden and understand how this historic-culture venue is considered the worlds most famous arena.  

Architecture: Top 10 Soccer Stadiums

Sadly in the United States soccer specific stadiums are quite rare and usually don't seat more than 25,000. The biggest soccer specific stadium is the Stub Hub home of the Los Angeles Galaxy which seats 27,000. Most other soccer specific stadiums average around 20,000. It is also common that many soccer teams, professional or college, use the venue of a football team, which never comes close to filling those stadiums. 

However the average attendance of a European club such as Barcelona FC averages over 70,000 at their home stadium of the Camp Nou. Soccer for Europe and South America is the same as football is to Americans. It should therefore come as no surprise that this post will not include American soccer stadiums. Because it is no secret that the largest and most successful soccer clubs in the world are found in Europe or South America. And it is also quite debatable that the most passionate fans in all sports can be found at these stadiums.

My Top Ten Favorite Soccer Stadiums

10. Wembley Stadium

Location: London, England

Tenants: FA Cup Final, English National Team, Tottenham Hotspurs (temporary)

Year Constructed: 2007

Capacity: 90,000

Architect: Populous Foster and Partners

Nicknames: The Home of Football

Notable Events: FA Cup Finals, 2011 and 2013 UEFA Champion League Finals, 2012 Olympic Games

Significance: It is the largest stadium in the UK and the 2nd largest stadium in Europe behind the Camp Nou. It is a very modern design, built in 2007 it incorporates a unique arch above it's roof which is used as an optional shade from the sun. It was commissioned by the English Football Association to be the home of the FA Cup final as well as the English national football team. It also is temporarily serving as the home ground of Tottenham Hotspurs while the build their new stadium. This modern stadium has become an iconic structure in the booming global city of London. 

9. Signal Iduna Park

Location: Dortmund, Germany

Tenants: Borussia Dortmund

Year Constructed: 1974

Capacity: 81,360

Architect: Planungsgruppe Drahtler 

Nicknames: Westfalenstadion

Notable Events: Hosted matches for the 1974 and 2006 World Cup

Significance: It is the largest stadium in Germany and the seventh largest stadium in Europe. It is most renowned for it's extremely loud atmosphere provided by it's passionate fans. The south end of the stadium is referred to as the Yellow Wall and consists of some of the rowdiest fans in all sports. It's interior has black and yellow seats and it's exterior has large yellow pylons sustaining the rooftop. There is also a museum inside the stadium which commemorates the rich history of Borussia Dortmund. 

8. Stadio Guiseppe Meazza

Location: Milan, Italy

Tenants: AC Milan and Inter Milan

Year Constructed: 1925

Capacity: 80,018

Architect: Alberto Cugini 

Nicknames: San Siro

Notable Events: 1990 World Cup matches; 1965, 1970, 2001, 2016 UEFA Champions league finals

Significance: Built in 1925 it is one of the oldest active stadiums in Europe behind Anfield and Old Trafford. It is also the largest stadiums in Italy and the 7th largest stadium in Europe. The stadium is commonly referred to as the San Siro, yet is named after one of it's greatest early players, Guiseppe Meazza. Its exterior design is a classic architectural wonder with it's spiral concrete towers, and it's iron red rooftop. It is regarded as one of the best environments in soccer, especially for it's in home rivalry of Inter Milan against AC Milan. 

7. Anfield

Location: Liverpool, England

Tenants: Liverpool FC

Year Constructed: 1884

Capacity: 54,074

Significance: It is one of the oldest stadiums in the world still in active use. Anfield was originally built in 1884 as the home of Everton FC for nearly ten years. In 1892 Everton club ownership parted ways with Anfield and moved into Goodison Park. At which point Anfield owner, John Houlding decided to form a new professional club to occupy his stadium, which became the start of Liverpool FC. Thus the club of Liverpool was literally born in the stadium of Anfield and ever since has become one of the most successful and iconic English clubs. It has undergone numerous renovations and expansions, yet still maintains its squared structure. It is home to one of the most loyal fanbases in all soccer, which can be heard in their stadium's anthem, "You'll Never Walk Alone". 

6. Santiago Bernabeau

Location: Madrid, Spain

Tenants: Real Madrid

Year Constructed: 1947

Capacity: 85,454

Architect: Manuel Ronaldo MuMonasterio

Notable Events: 1957, 1969, 1980, 2010 UEFA Champions League Finals; 1964 Euro Cup Final, 1982 World Cup Final

Significance: It is the second largest stadium in Spain, and the 8th largest stadium in Europe. It is home to perhaps one of the most successful clubs in all of Europe if not the sport of soccer. The stadium is named after their legendary star player, Santiago Bernabeau who in the 1940s transformed Real Madrid into a dominant team. The original stadium had a capacity of 100,000 yet was later reduced due to new roof installations. There are continued talks to further renovate the stadium with new roof structure and more modern amenities. It's significance lies with the team itself who has been one of the most winning clubs in all of futbol. 

5. Allianz Arena

Location: Munich, Germany

Tenants: Bayern Munich, TSV 1860 Munich, German National Team

Year Constructed: 2005

Capacity: 75,000

Architect: Herzog & The Meuron

Niuckname: Schlauchboot (Inflatable Boat)

Notable Events: 2006 World Cup Matches, 2012 UEFA Champions League Final

Significance: It is one of the most modern stadiums in Europe, home to one of Germany's most successful clubs, Bayern Munich. The stadium's defining feature is it's luminous exterior which can change to any color, often depending on who is playing. At a capacity of 75,000 it is the 2nd largest stadium in Germany and 12th largest in Europe. The stadium is a giant bowl structure, with an open roof that can be drawn back or forth depending on the sunlight. 

4. Estadio Journalista Maria Filho

Location: Rio de Janiero, Brazil

Tenants: Flamengo, Brazil National Team

Year Constructed: 1950

Capacity: 78,838

Architect: Waldir Ramos

Nicknames: The Maracana

Notable Events: 1950 World Cup Final, 2014 World Cup Final, 2016 Olympic Matches 

Significance: The stadium was commissioned by the Brazilian government after they had won rights to host the 1950 World Cup. It is named after a popular journalist who pushed for an iconic stadium to be built. It was quickly referred to as the Maracana stadium in reference to the nearby Maracana River. Upon it's completion the stadium claimed it could hold a capacity of 200,000 making it the biggest stadium in the world. At the 1950 World Cup Final between Brazil and Uruguay, a record setting 199,854 were in attendance to witness Uruguay win. The stadium underwent significant renovations in 2000, with a new roof and replaced it's grandstand open-seating structure to an all-seated structure. This significantly lowered the capacity to 80,000. However it still remains one of the oldest and most iconic football stadiums in the world. It is the crowned jewel and home of Brazilian soccer glory.   

3. Old Trafford

Location: Manchester, England

Tenants: Manchester United FC

Year Constructed: 1910

Capacity: 75,643

Architect: Archibald Leitch

Nicknames: Theater of Dreams

Notable Events: 1966 World Cup matches, 1996 Euro Cup matches, 2003 UEFA Champions League Final

Significance: It is one of the largest, oldest, and most iconic football stadiums in England and all of Europe. It took on a similar four stand format as it's rival stationed at Anfield, however designed with a much greater capacity of 100,000. During WWII the stadium was damaged during the German blitz, yet later restored to prominence. In the 1980s the capacity was lowered when the stadium changed it's design to incorporate an all-seater. It also later added newer renovations with new tiers. The four stands are known as the Sir Alex Fergusson Stand, the Bobby Charlton stand, the Stretford end, and the scoreboard end. The stadium was nicknamed the Theater of Dreams by their legendary superstar Bobby Charlton. 

2. Estadio Azteca

Location: Mexico City, Mexico

Tenants: Mexican National team, America FC, 

Year Constructed: 1966

Capacity: 87,000

Architect: Pedro Ramirez Vazquez 

Nicknames: El Coloso de Santa Ursula

Notable Events: 1970 World Cup Final, 1886 World Cup Final 

Significance: It is one of the most iconic soccer stadiums in the world and also one of the largest. Upon it's early construction for the 1970 World Cup Final, it could hold over 107,000 fans. The stadium was packed for the historic final between Brazil and Italy which brought Pele his 3rd World Cup. The stadium later hosted several more iconic world cup moments at the 1986 World Cup, which oversaw Maradonna's "Hand of God" goal, his "Goal of the Century". and his World Cup victory for Argentina over Germany. The stadium was gradually renovated over time to include an all seater format as well as new electronic systems. The capacity is now at 87,000 which still remains the biggest stadium in Mexico. It is considered a modern day Colosseum. It is the crowned jewel of international soccer and Mexican pride. 

1. Camp Nou

Location: Barcelona, Spain

Tenants: Barcelona, FC 

Year Constructed: 1957

Capacity: 99,354

Architect: Francesc Mitjans, Josep Soteras

Notable Events: 1982 World Cup matches, 1992 Summer Olympics, 1989 and 1999 UEFA Champions League Final 

Significance: It is the largest stadium in Europe and is home to one of the most successful clubs in the world, Barcelona FC. It opened with a capacity of over 106,000 and held over 120,000 spectators for various games during the 1982 World Cup. It was later renovated to include an all seat structure with new lighting, sound, and electrical systems. With it's red, blue, and yellow seats it creates one of the most exciting atmospheres in all of soccer. The fanbase is extremely devout and have lived by their motto which is imprinted on the seats, "Mas Quen Un Club" which means Barca is more than just a club, it is their life. The greatest matches to be witnessed at the Camp Nou are no doubt against their Spanish rivals, Real Madrid. This annual match has been dubbed "El Classico" and is considered one of the greatest rivalries in all of soccer. The sight of nearly 100,000 fans singing and creating mosaics makes this one of the most awe-inspiring atmospheres. A visit to this stadium should be on every sport fan's bucket list. 

Architecture: Top 10 Football Stadiums

I'm now going to move over to sports architecture, and give homage to the most glorious homes of games. Similiar to the Colosseum of the ancient world, these stadiums bring the public together to cheer and be entertained. As the Romans cheered the gladiators today we cheer our sports teams and athletes as modern day champions. It is through major sports venues where a fanbase can be developed. They can share their loyalty and passion for their teams at the home stadium. Of course the greatest stadiums are often developed for the greatest teams. And each of these stadiums have seen it's fair share of excitement, glory, heartbreak, and sheer legendary performances.

I'm going to write about my top 4 favorite sports; football, soccer, baseball, and basketball, and also include a bonus post on the greatest Olympic stadiums (which incorporate the glorious track and field events). Here first in this post I will start with my favorite football stadiums. This game has become America's new past-time. Most major stadiums average at least over 60,000 passionate fans for regular attendance. I'm going to include only NFL and NCAA College football stadiums. These are stadiums of iconic magnitude, some classic and some modern architecture, yet all are behemoth football programs.

My Top Ten Favorite Football Stadiums

10. Ohio State Stadium

Location: Colombus, Ohio
Year Constructed: 1922
Capacity: 104,944
Surface: Field turf
Architect: Howard Dwight Smith
Nicknames: The Horseshoe, The Shoe, The House that Harley Built
Significance: It is a Midwestern gem home of one of the most successful college football programs in the nation. The Ohio State football program is among the most successful of football programs, and have won 8 national championships. Their home stadium is a true sight to behold, of which I myself was fortunate enough to work a game at years ago. It is shaped like a giant horseshoe and has one of the tallest flagpole's I've ever seen arising from the back of the field. The most exciting game at this stadium is their classic Big Ten rivalry against Michigan, which is often considered one of the greatest rivalries in sports. At an incredible capacity of over 104,000 it is the 4th largest stadium in the world and also one of the oldest.


9. Arrowhead Stadium

Location: Kansas City, Missouri
Year Constructed: 1972
Capacity: 76,416
Surface: Astroturf
Architect: Kivett and Myers Populous
Significance: It holds the record as the loudest stadium in the NFL, often competing with the Seattle Seahawks. The franchise only has won 1 super bowl championship in 1969 however the fanbase is still very passionate. This stadium holds a special place for me, since it was the first stadium I worked at for Sportvision. I remember it was somewhat isolated from the city, yet still quite a site to see. It has a unique arch to it's structure and four spiral ramps at it's corners. Inside the stadium is quite hypnotizing with it's all red seats which surely add to the noisy atmosphere.


8. LSU Tiger Stadium

Location: Baton Rouge, Lousiana

Year Constructed: 1924
Capacity: 102,321
Surface: Grass
Architect: Wogan and Bernard Trahan
Nicknames: Death Valley
Significance: It is one of the most famous, classic college football stadiums in the south built back in the 1920s. It has been renovated many times to add more seats, which began at 12,000 in 1924 and is now over 102,000 and is the seventh largest stadium in the world. The football program has been very successful among many other successful southern college teams. They have won 3 national championships, yet have fallen short in years to their rivals Alabama. The LSU Tiger Stadium, known as Death Valley, has become an iconic southern football experience.


7. Century Link Field

Location: Seattle, WA
Year Constructed: 2002
Capacity: 69,000
Surface: Fieldturf
Architect: Ellerbe Becket, LMN Architects
Nicknames: The Clink
Significance: It has become one of the most distinctive buildings in the city of Seattle. It's structure is perhaps one of the most modern stadiums in the league, with a perfect view of the city skyline. In the past ten years, the Seattle Seahawks have emerged as a football contender thanks to their extremely noisy fanbase often referred to as the 12th man. In 2013 the team won their first ever Super Bowl, and made a 2nd consecutive trip to the championship in 2014 yet lost to the Patriots. The home field advantage at Century Link is often considered one of the hardest place for away teams to play. The stadium also serves home to the Seattle Sounders which bring the largest average attendance in the MLS.


6. Los Angeles Memorial Colosseum

Location: Los Angeles, California
Year Constructed: 1923
Capacity: 93,607
Surface: Grass
Architect: John and Donald Parkinson
Nicknames: The Grand Old Lady
Significance: Along with the Rose Bowl, it is one of the most iconic and classic stadiums in California. Built in 1923 in incorporates a classical style with pillars, an open bowl format, and an iconic torch. The stadium was commissioned as the home of USC Trojan football and a memorial for WWI vets. The stadium was expanded in 1932 as the main venue for the Los Angeles Summer Olympics, and once again for the 1984 Summer Olympics. Along with that incredible history the stadium has overseen years of successful USC Trojan Football, that has won 11 national championships. The stadium has also now recently served as the temporary home for the Los Angeles Rams.


5. AT&T Stadium

Location: Arlington, Texas
Year Constructed: 2009
Capacity: 80,000 (maxed at 105,000)
Surface: Artificial turf
Architect: HKS, inc.
Nicknames: Jerry World
Significance: It is one of the largest stadiums in the NFL, a true modern indoor wonder. It is often referred to as Jerry World, in reference to the millionaire owner and General manager Jerry Jones. The stadium seats 80,000 yet can reach up to 105,000 for standing room and includes open area party passes within the stadium. It's most iconic feature however is it's massive indoor jumbo screen, which hangs over the field, spanning from the 20 to 20 yard lines. The stadium hosts many other indoor events, yet is the primary home of iconic Dallas Cowboys. The Cowboys, have gone on to win 5 Super Bowls and lay claim to their title as America's team. They have yet to win a championship since their new stadium was built, however this past season they've shown dominant progress.


4. Soldier Field

Location: Chicago, IL
Year Constructed: 1924
Capacity: 61,500
Surface: Grass
Architect: Holabird & Roche, Wood and Zapata Inc
Nicknames: Stadium in a Park
Significance: It is the oldest stadiums in the NFL, built back in the 1920s. It incorporates a classical architectural style with a beautiful view of Grant Park and Lake Michigan. It was first built as an all purpose stadium that honored military veterans. It wasn't until 1971 that the Chicago Bears moved from Wrigley Field to make Soldier Field their home stadium. This was in part due to the regulation that NFL stadiums seat over 50,000. In 1984 the Chicago Bears went on to win their first and only Superbowl. In early 2002 the stadium was renovated with a more modern design, yet still incorporated some of it's original classical pillars. There are many fans today who dislike the new design, yet it still remains one of the most iconic stadiums in football.


3. Rose Bowl Stadium

Location: Pasadena, California
Year Constructed: 1922
Capacity: 92,542
Surface: Grass
Architect: Myron Hunt
Significance: It is one of the oldest and most iconic stadiums in the country often used as a home of championships. It was built in 1922 to host the college football championship known as the Rose Bowl. The Rose Bowl is the oldest college bowl game, started in 1902, and has often been considered the grandest daddy of all college championships. However since recent years the game has been pushed back by the new BCS Championship structure. The Rose Bowl now generally serves as a semi final game or the classic match-up of the top Pac 12 team against the top Big Ten team. While the Rose Bowl Game is the stadium's claim to fame, it also serves as home to the UCLA Bruins, who won a national championship in 1954. The stadium has also hosted 5 super bowls, which is the 2nd most behind the New Orleans Superdome.


2. Michigan Stadium

Location: Ann Arbor, Michigan

Year Constructed: 1927
Capacity: 107,000
Surface: Field turf
Architect: Bernard Green
Nicknames: The Big House
Significance: It is the biggest sports stadium in the nation, and the 2nd biggest stadium in the world behind North Korea's Rungrado stadium. I have been fortunate to work several games at Michigan University and can easily say it was the most incredible stadium of the 30-some I worked at. The design is quite simple actually. It as a giant bowl submerged in the ground along with a large scoreboard and press-boxes on each side. It is the sheer size that makes this stadium so incredible, which can only be experienced from within the house. The football program has garnered much success with 11 national titles. Along with Ohio State it is one of the most famous teams in the Midwest.


1. Lambeau Field

Location: Green Bay, Wisconsin
Year Constructed: 1957
Capacity: 81,435
Surface: Grass
Architect: Sommerville Associates, Ellerbe Becket
Nicknames: The Frozen Tundra, Titletown USA, The Shrine of Pro Football
Significance: It is an American gem of professional sports and the Midwestern region of the country. Built in 1957, it is the 2nd oldest NFL stadium behind Soldier Field, yet the oldest to be in use, since the Bears did not move into Soldier Field until 1971. Upon it's construction the site has become an iconic home to one of the most diehard fanbases in sports. It is currently the 3rd largest stadium in the NFL at 81,000 while it's town of Green Bay only has a population of 104,000. The stadium has witnessed so many historic sports moments, such as the Vince Lombardi era, the Ice Bowl, Bart Starr, Brett Farve, Aaron Rodgers, and a notorious reputation for hard nosed gritty football. With it's 4 Super Bowl championships the stadium and the city have often been referred to as Titletown.

Architecture: Top 10 Towers

As I've begun to make these lists and study on some of the greatest monuments in the world, I keep wanting to add more categories. Therefore I've decided to include the categories of towers, castles, stadiums, and statues to my blog. In this study I'm going to focus on the greatest towers, which are to be separated from skyscrapers. Many of these towers are included among the tallest standing structures in the world.

Towers are generally thin structures that are built very tall and serve a general purpose as an observational lookout. This was first incorporate as a military tactic among ancient walls and castles. Now they are mostly built as city lookouts or monumental points of tourism. Obelisks and minarets have similar structures yet their purpose is different in that they are built as monuments of honor, such as the Washington Monument for example. In this post I will exclude one of the most famous of towers, The Eiffel Tower, because I have already listed it as my favorite modern wonder.

My Top Ten Favorite Towers

Honorable Mention: Washington Monument

Culture: American
Year Constructed: 1884
Designed by: Robert Mills
Purpose: Classical Monument
Height: 555 feet
Location: Washington DC
Significance: Since the structure of an obelisk is very similiar to that of a tower or a minaret I decided to include this iconic monument in this list of towers. It is by far the most famous of obelisks in the world. Standing at a resounding 555 feet, it surpassed the Cologne Cathedral as the tallest standing structure in the world in 1884. It was later surpassed by the Eiffel tower in 1889. To this day it remains the tallest stone structure and obelisk in the world. It is an iconic symbol of Washington DC and American government.


10. Ostankino Tower

Culture: Russian
Year Constructed: 1967
Designed by: Nikolai Nikitin
Purpose: Observation, Telecommunications, Tourism
Height: 1772 feet
Location: Moscow, Russia
Significance: During the height of the Soviet Union it was built int 1967 and surpassed the Empire State Building as the tallest standing structure in the world. (Which it was later surpassed by the CN Tower in 1976). To this day it remains the tallest standing structure in Europe and the 8th tallest structure in the world. It was built as an observation and telecommunications tower, but also a commemoration to mark the 50th year anniversary of the October Revolution.


9. Minaret of Jam

Culture: Afghanistan
Year Constructed: 1190
Commissioned by: The Ghurid Dynasty
Purpose: A religious monument
Height: 203 feet
Location: Ghor Province, Afghanistan
Significance: It is an ancient structure that is believed that have been once a part of a mosque honoring the Ghurid dynasty and the spread of Islam. What makes the tower so unique is it's inscriptions, coloring, and geometric shapes. The tower displays artistic calligraphy throughout it's structure quoting passages from the Qur'an. It is world landmark yet also in danger of corrosion and collapse.


8. Great Mosque of Samara

Culture: Abbasid Caliphate (Iraqi)
Year Constructed: 851
Comissioned by: Al-Mutawakkil
Architectural Style: Abbasid
Height: 162 feet
Location: Samarra, Iraq
Significance: It was built in 851 by the Abbasid Caliphate as one of the largest mosques in the world. It's iconic feature was the spiral tower connected to it, which stands to this day as an ancient wonder of the Middle East. This minaret was constructed of sandstone and incorporates a unique design of a wide spiraling staircase. The mosque itself was destroyed in 1278 after the Hulagu Khan invasion of Iraq. All that remains is the outer wall and this iconic tower.


7. CN Tower

Culture: Canadian
Year Constructed: 1976
Designed by: WZMH Architects
Purpose: Observation, Tourism, Telecommunications
Height: 1815 feet
Location: Toronto, Canada
Significance: Upon it's construction in 1976 it surpassed the Ostankino tower as the tallest standing structer in the world. A title it would retain until the Burj Kalifia was completed in 2010. It still remains the 7th tallest standing structure in the world and is considered one of the 7 wonders by the American Society of Civil Engineers. It dominates the Toronto skyline and has become one Canada's most iconic monuments.


6. Oriental Pearl Tower

Culture: Chinese
Year Constructed: 1994
Designed by: Jiang Huan Chen, Lin Benlin, Zhang Xiulin
Purpose: Telecommunications, Hotel, Observation, Tourism, Restaurant
Height: 1535 feet
Location: Shanghai, China
Significance: Upon it's construction in 1994 it became the tallest standing structure in China until it was surpassed by the Shanghai World Financial Center. To this day it is the 5th tallest tower in the world. It's design is very modern and unique from other modern towers. It's most iconic features are the giant two spheres that make up the base and the top. The base also has a tepee support structure unlike other towers. It soars over the booming Shanghai skyline alongside the Shanghai World Financial Center.



5. Qutb Minar

Culture: Indian
Year Constructed: 1220
Designed by: Delhi Sultanate
Material: Red Sandstone and Marble
Height: 240 feet
Location: Delhi, India
Significance: It is an ancient middle-eastern wonder, inspired by the Minaret of Jam. It is the 2nd tallest brick minaret in the world after Fateh Burj. The tower is a part of the Qtub Complex, a series of tombs and monuments which honor Indian sultans. Inside the tower there is a circular staircase that leads to the top. The bottom columns have intricate designs and calligraphy with passages from the Qur'an. It is a striking landmark of Indian culture.


 4. Galata Tower

Culture: Turkish
Year Constructed: 1348
Designed by: Ottoman Empire
Architectural Style: Romanesque
Material: Stone
Height: 219 feet
Location: Istanbul, Turkey
Significance: Upon it's construction in 1348 it was the tallest structure in the capital city Istanbul of the Ottoman Empire. It was built as a replacement of another tower and part of an expansion of the then city of Constantinople. It is built of stone and offers a lookout point throughout the large city and peninsula. It is one of the most historical and iconic landmarks in the present city of Istanbul.


3. Canton Tower

Culture: Chinese
Year Constructed: 2009
Designed by: Mark Hemel & Barbara Kuit
Height: 1954 feet
Location: Guangzho, China
Significance: Upon it's completion in 2009 it became the tallest tower in the world, until it was surpassed by the Tokyo Skytree in 2014. It is now the 2nd tallest tower and the 5th tallest freestanding structure behind the Burj Khalifa, Shanghai Tower, Tokyo Skytree, and Abraj al Bait. Is is a modern day wonder as it towers over the booming city of Guangzho, China. It has multiple uses as an observation point, telecommunications, tourism, and even a restaurant. The tower has a unique twist and waist structure with a wider base and top than it's middle. It has became a modern day landmark of Chinese culture.


2. Leaning Tower of Pisa

Culture: Italian
Year Constructed: 1372
Designed by: Bonanno Pisano
Architectural Style: Romanesque
Height: 183 feet
Location: Pisa, Italy
Significance: It is perhaps one of the most iconic towers in the world, famous not for it's height or design yet rather it's irregular slant. This infamous architectural error was noticed during construction as the foundation of one side of the tower was too soft, thus began the slight tilt. The tower was eventually stabilized however the tilt remains as one of it's most iconic features. Looking beyond it's tilt, the tower is actually quite a remarkable structure of Romanesque-classical pillar style. It's actually a part of the Pisa Cathedral, which is often overlooked by it's iconic leaning bell tower.

1. Tokyo Skytree

Culture: Japanese
Year Constructed: 2014
Designed by: Nikken Sekkei
Architectural Style: Neo-futuristic
Height: 2080 feet
Location: Tokyo, Japan
Significance: Upon it's completion in 2014 it became the tallest tower in the world, and 2nd tallest standing structure, behind only the Burj Khalifa. It's primary purpose is as a major broadcast site for Japanese telecommunication companies. However it also has multiple purposes for tourism, observation, and offers a restaurant. The design is an embodiment of Japanese style and extremely futuristic. It's defining feature is it's unique exterior lattice, which is painted in white yet often illuminated thru LED lights. The display of it's ever changing lights, it's incredible structure and height makes this one of the most awe-inpsiring monuments in today's modern world.

Architecture: Top 10 Skyscrapers

The last of this series of posts pertaining to my favorite works of architecture will be on skyscrapers. These iconic buildings are the sheer demonstration of mankind's resourcefulness. They are created with a sole purpose to provide capital in a booming markets. In today's ever expanding global economy, these buildings serve as the beacons of trade. Their immense height and design are true architectural wonders, and they have become iconic cultural landmarks.

My Top Ten Favorite Skyscrapers


10. One World Trade Center

Culture: American

Date of Construction: 2013
Designed by: David Childs
Architectural Style: Contemporary Modern
Height: 1776 feet
Location: New York City, USA
Significance: It was built as a replacement of the World Trade twin towers that were destroyed by terrorists in 2001. Standing at a resounding 1776 feet it is the tallest building in New York City, and the 6th tallest building in the world. It's design incorporates a framed tube structure with slight triangular crevices and a glass exterior. It has become a modern symbol of American architecture as well as freedom.


9. Abraj al Bait

Culture: Arabian
Date of Construction: 2011
Designed by: Dar Al-Handasah
Architectural Style: Postmodern
Height: 1972 feet
Location: Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Significance: It is currently the 3rd tallest building in the world and has become the modern day beacon of Islam. The unique design consists of a base of multiple buildings. From this base comes a giant main building with a clock tower and a crescent moon at it's top. The multi-plex building is almost a city within itself and sits at the center of the expanding sacred sity of Mecca. The purpose of this  extraordinary monument is to modernize the city for further sacred pilgrimage.

8. The Shard


Culture: British
Date of Construction: 2012
Designed by: Renzo Piano
Architectural Style: Neo-futurism
Height: 1016 feet
Location: London, United Kingdom
Significance: It is the tallest building in England and it's most modern wonder in a city of such classic architecture. It incorporates a pyramidal style, with a shimmering glass exterior. It dominates the London skyline looking over the River Thames, the London Bridge, and many more of it's iconic landmarks.


7. Shanghai Tower

Culture: Chinese
Date of Construction: 2015
Designed by: Jun Xia
Architectural Style: Post-modernism/Neo-futurism
Height: 2073 feet
Location: Shanghai, China
Significance: This incredibly modern design has become an iconic symbol of futuristic architecture. It is also the 2nd tallest building in the world behind the Burj Kaflia, and tallest building with usable floor. It incorporates a very unique twisting structure, with glimmering glass windows. It also has the world's fastest elevators. Rising over the Jin Mao Tower, the Oriental Pearl Tower, and the Shanghai World Financial Center it is the captain of one of the most tallest skylines in the world.


6. Chrysler Building

Culture: American
Date of Construction: 1930

Designed by: William van Allen
Architectural Style: Art Deco
Height: 1046 feet
Location: New York City, NY USA
Significance: In 1930 this revolutionary building surpassed the 40 Wall Street as the tallest building in the world. A record it would hold only for a year until it was surpassed by the similiar designed Empire State Building. The Chrysler Building is an ideal homage to the cultural boom from the 1920s that produced jazz and Art Deco. Its most defining feature is it's spire at the top, consisting of 7 layered arches with intricate steel design. It is one of the most iconic buildings in the New York City skyline. This one I have seen with my own eyes when we visited New York in 2005.


5. Petronas Towers

Culture: Malaysian

Date of Construction: 1998
Designed by: Cesar Pelli
Architectural Style: Postmodern
Height: 1483 feet
Location: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Significance: In 1998 this striking structure surpassed the Sears Tower as the new tallest building in the world. It held this record for 6 years until it was surpassed by the Taipei 101 in 2004. It was a true eye-popping creation as it incorporated two giant towers connected with a bridge. It's structure was sheer modernism with it's multi-layered spire design. Each tower has large pinnacles shootings from the rooftop. This jaw dropping structure shares it's magnificence with the Kuala Lumpur tower, to dominate the skyline of a booming city.



4. Taipei 101

Culture: Chinese
Date of Construction: 2004
Designed by: CY Lee & Partners
Architectural Style: Postmodern
Height: 1671 feet
Location: Taipei, Taiwan
Significance:  This structure surpassed the Petronas Towers as the tallest building in the world in 2004, and held the title until it was surpassed by the futuristic Burj Khalifa in 2010. Compared to the Petronas Towers, the Taipei tower is a beautiful building of simplicity yet astonishment. It incorporates layered creases in it's structure with a defining light green color. The building consists of 10 segments of which at the top lies a tower with a sphere. It is one of the most iconic skyscrapers and a true cultural icon of Taiwan.



3. Willis Tower

Culture: American
Date of Construction: 1973
Designed by: Skidmore, Owings,, and Merrill
Architectural Style: International
Height: 1450 feet
Location: Chicago, IL
Significance: Upon it's completion in 1973 this monumental skyscraper surpassed the World Trade Center as the tallest building in the world. It held this honor for over twenty years until it was surpassed by the Petronas Towers in 1998. It's defining characteristics are it's black color and it's unique tubed structure. This revolutionary design was known as an international style that incorporated a bundled structure of multiple buildings merged into one. Along with it's giant antennas the building has dominated the Chicago skyline for some time now. It is a true wonder to behold. As a kid I always was inspired on trips to Chicago, when setting eyes on this giant wonder, in those days it was known as the Sears Tower.


2. Empire State Building

Culture: American
Date of Construction: 1931
Designed by: Shreve, Lamb, & Harmon
Architectural Style: Art Deco
Height: 1250 feet
Location: New York City, NY, USA
Significance: Upon it's construction in 1931 it became the tallest building in the world for nearly 40 years until it was surpassed by the Chrysler Building in 1970. It's architectural design was the definitive work of Art Deco that was most popular during the 1920s and 30s. The large pointed tip became the famous site of the groundbreaking film King Kong. To this day it has become a booming source of trade at the heart of New York City. It is the defining skyscraper of the New York City Skyline as well as an iconic American landmark. I have also seen this tower with my own eyes on our trip to New York in 2005.


1. Burj Kaflia

Culture: Dubai
Date of Construction: 2009
Designed by: Adrian Smith
Architectural Style: Neo-futurism
Height: 2717 feet
Location: Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Significance: In 2009 it shattered the previous tallest structure, Taipei 101 to became the undisputed tallest skyscraper in the world. To this day there is no structure that even comes close to comparison of the behometh 2717 feet tall Burj Kaflia. It is a sight of total wonder, a glimmering beacon of the future and a hommage to the ancient Tower of Babel. It incorporates elements from the Willis Tower, such as it's bundled structure, and from the Petronas Towers layered exterior. It dominates the modern global skyline of Dubai as a symbol of oil and Arabian wealth. It looks like something straight out of a fantasy such as Wizard of Oz.