So now as I turn the page on the American Revolution, I look to the early 1800s of the newly established independent nation. I have briefly written about this period before and don't intend to make a full dive on the historical period quite yet; (see The Old West). It was an age more-or-less defined by two key elements; the expansion to the west and the issue of slavery. These were both very controversial matters for the young nation's history and I want to touch upon them both separately. In this post I will give a proper historical outline of the eradication and removal of the Native Americans.
I guess I've always been a bit fascinated by the indigenous customs of the Native Americans yet really do not know too much about their culture. I suppose the most common associations for me have been the bow-and-arrow, the feather caps, the wolf, and their spiritualistic rituals. Some of my favorite movies pertaining to the Native Americans are Dances with Wolves (1990), The New World (2005), and The Revenant (2015). When I began playing Assassin's Creed Rouge earlier this summer I was instantly drawn to everything revolving around the Colonial Age, especially the role the Native Americans had. I then learned quite a bit about the Wampanoag tribe from Nathaniel Philbrook's book The Mayflower and the role they played during the First Thanksgiving and later King Philip's War.
I became even more interested in the history of the Native Americans after playing ACIII, which to my surprise had a Native American as the protagonist. The heroic assassin, Ratonhnketon (later named Connor) is half-English/half Mohawk and plays a vital role in helping America secure it's independence. He however also becomes aware of the injustices against his native people by the Colonial Armies he thought were his allies. This game shed some light on the often overlooked controversial role George Washington's played in purging the Iroquis, as well as securing the Northwest Territory. In this post I'd like to focus on the eradication of the Native American's following America's Independence in 1794, leading to their eventual Trail of Tears in 1830.
Native Americans' Role in the American Revolutionary War
When the British settlers first arrived to Jamestown and Plymouth, it should really come as no surprise that they were quickly met with hostility. Sure some natives were more hospitable than others, but the fact of the matter was quite clear even in the early 1600s; the Europeans intended to settle the land by all means necessary. This of course gave way to an obvious conflict of interest, by which the natives did not intend to be pushed aside by this invasion. Quite frankly it was no different than Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland or Japan's invasion of China during WWII. The locals did not intend to be eradicated or forced to adapt to a foreign culture, and thus choice the only honorably option, to fight and defend their lands.
There were many military conflicts between the natives and European settlers from the 1600-1700s (see Colonial American-Indian Wars). What's even more interesting is that there were even some native tribes who fought alongside the Europeans as an effort to defeat other rival tribes. Another interesting trend is that the natives always felt the Colonial Americans were the greatest threat, and in doing so they fought alongside the French during the French and Indian Wars (1754-1763), with the British during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), and even alongside the Confederates during the American Civil War. (1861-1865). Their efforts were ultimately in vain, as they simply did not have the economic nor technological means to compete with their conquerors.
To be fair there were also some native tribes who supported the Patriot cause, such as the Iroquois, however this effort was all for nothing as their territory was eventually conquered by Washington. Meanwhile tribes such as the Mohawks, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and the Cherokee sided with the British during the American Revolutionary War. This essentially made for a two-front war in which the Patriots were fighting the British on their eastern coast, while defending against Indian raids on their western posts. In 1779 in one of Washington's most atrocious acts during the war, he initiated the Sullivan Expedition to burn and destroy more than 40 Iroquis villages in mainland New York. This military conquest eventually opened up the Great Lakes to the Americans who would continue their military expansion after their war with Britain.
Cherokee-American Wars
Some of the heaviest native opposition during the American Revolutionary War was from the Cherokee tribes located in the southeastern regions of the Carolinas, Georgia and Tennessee. They were led by their fearless savage leader, Dragging Canoe who enlisted the help of other northern tribes such as the Muskogee, Chicksaw, and the Shawnee. Following their defeat by the Continental Army, the Cherokees later split into two groups; those who were prepared to make peace, and thus who led by Dragging Canoe who refused to adapt to American control. This group of natives became known as the Lower Cherokee (also known as the Chickamuaga Cherokee) and reorganized their force in the southern region of Tennessee and later into Alabama.
In 1786 the Mohawk leader Joseph Bryant (also known as Thayendanegea) organized an alliance of native tribes known as the Western Confederacy. Their major goal was to resist American settlement and included many tribes such as the Iroquois, the Shawnee, the Miami, the Mohawk, and the Lower Cherokee. The Cherokee also established an alliance with the Spanish who at the time were in control of the Louisiana territory known as New Spain (from 1769-1801). The Lower Cherokee tribes thus continued their raids all throughout the southeast from 1783-1794. The Cherokee war chief, Dragging Canoe later died in 1792 and the Cherokee were completely crushed during the Nickajack Expedition of 1794.
The Northwest Indian War
Perhaps yet another smudge on President Washington's resume of greatness was his eradication of the natives in the Northwest Territory. This newly acquired territory consisted of the present-day Midwestern states of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin. Americans began settling these new lands along the Great Lakes and the Ohio River, yet were once again met with great hostility (obviously so). In 1785 the Indians formed an alliance of opposition led by the leaders Blue Jacket from the Shawnee tribe, Little Turtle from the Miami tribe, Buckongahelas from the Lenape tribe, and Egushawa of the Ottawa Tribe. This resulted in the Northwest Indian War of 1785-1795 (a historical event I am quite familiar with having grown up in Fort Wayne).
The first major American campaign of the war was led by General Benjamin Logan in October of 1786. His Kentucky militia swept thru the Ohio region and raided many Shawnee villages and the eventual murder of their chief leader, Moluntha. Despite this defeat the Shawnees continued their raids on American settlers. In 1790 the Shawnee leader, Blue Jacket and the Miami leader, Little Turtle defeated General Josiah Harmer in the northwestern region of present day Fort Wayne, Indiana. (As a boy scout I remember spending a great week at Camp Chief Little Turtle off of Long Lake). The Western Confederacy led by Little Turtle and Blue Jacket achieved an even greater victory in November 1791 against General Arthur St. Clair. This Battle of the Wabash, fought at Fort Recovery Ohio resulted in the largest victory ever achieved by the native Americans, and a humiliating defeat for Gen St. Clair.
In response to this devastation President Washington replaced General St. Clair with General "Mad" Anthony Wayne. During this period there were brief negotiations between the Natives and Americans, however the territorial line could not be settled and the American's continued their campaigns. Gen Anthony Wayne established a newly organized army known as the Legion of the United States and began campaigns in western Ohio along the Maumee River. At the Battle of Fallen Timbers in August 1794, Anthony Wayne achieved a decisive victory against the Western Confederacy. The Native leaders were forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville which established American control of the region. The establishment of Fort Wayne in 1794, became the new American outpost in the heart of Indian country. Furthermore the Jay Treaty of 1795 completely expelled British forts in the Northwest region, which isolated the natives even more-so.
The War of 1812
The hostilities with the natives continued in the Northwest region, primarily at it's heart in the Indiana territory. While President Thomas Jefferson had begun new initiatives to further explore and settle the region, the Shawnee tribes began heightened resistance. They were led by the brothers Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa who established another Indian confederacy and waged open war once against in 1810 known as Tecumseh's War. The fighting reached it's pinnacle at the Battle of Tippecanoe in which American General William Henry Harrison defeated the Shawnees in August 1811. However Tecumseh did not surrender and later joined forces with the British Army at the onset of the War of 1812.
The War of 1812 was fought against the Americans and British mostly for two reasons. First was that the American seas had become a front of the much larger Napoleonic Wars, and Britain had begun to blockade American trade with France. The second reason was for the British alliance with Native Americans in the Canada region as well as the Northwest region. In an effort to regain control, President James Madison thus declared war on Britain and began a multi-fronted military engagement. Thankfully for the Americans, the British had most of their attention focused on the French, and this was rather a proxy theater of the Napoleonic Wars.
The war was fought on various fronts, and began with American defeats in Canada at the Battle of Detroit and Queenston Heights in 1812. However by the autumn of 1813 the Americans were able to achieve a major goal in squashing Tecumseh's Confederacy. General William Harrison defeated Tecumseh's army at the Battle of Lake Eerie and the Battle of the Thames, which resulted in the death of Tecumseh and the end of the native confederacy. Perhaps the greatest American loss during the war came when the British burned of the capital Washington DC in August 1814. President James Madison was forced to evacuate the city and thankfully the fire was put out by a miraculously rainstorm and hurricane.
The British continued to bombard the eastern coastal cities, however the Americans eventually repelled them at the Battle of Lake Champlain and the Battle of Baltimore (which inspired Francis Key's national anthem "The Star Spangled Banner"). The fighting also waged in the southern front of America in the regions of Florida and New Orleans. General Andrew Jackson defeated the Spanish/British stronghold of Pensacola, Florida in November 1814. He then marched his army into New Orleans and defeated the British Navy with the help of French pirate, Jean Lafitte. The Treaty of Ghent was later signed in 1815 that brought an end to the War of 1812.
Seminole Wars
Following the defeat of Tecumseh, the Americans had sustained control of the Northwest region, however the Southern region was still a hostile territory. The new national hero, Andrew Jackson had successfully repelled a Native uprising in 1813 known as the Creek War before his leadership at the Battle of New Orleans. Following the Treaty of Ghent he was again put in charge of eradicating the hostile Seminole natives in the region of Florida. These campaigns are known as the Seminole Wars and the first of which began from 1816 to 1819. This rising hostility was in response to Spain withdrawing from the region and officially ceding the territory to America in 1819.
By 1823 the Seminoles of Northern Florida were defeated by General Andrew Jackson and forced to withdraw further south. At this point the US began it's settlement of Florida with newly built forts and trading posts. However the tension returned in 1830 with President Jackson's passage of the Indian Removal Act. The Second Seminole War was even bloodier than the first, and consisted mostly of guerrilla warfare. President Jackson appointed General Thomas Sidney Jesup to take control of the region and drive the natives out. He eventually burnt their villages and captured their leaders Osceola and Micanopy. By 1840 the Seminoles were eventually forced to join the rest of the Natives in relocating to the small Indian Territory in Oklahoma.
The Indian Removal Act of 1830
For his role in the War of 1812, Andrew Jackson is often regarded as one of our greatest American heroes (celebrated on the 20$ bill). However he is also one of the most controversial figures on par with the Confederate leaders during the Civil War. This is mostly due to the merciless role he played in the total eradication of the Native Americans. For his role in the Creek Wars, the War of 1812, the Seminole Wars, and The Indian Removal Act of 1830 Jackson can solely be identified as the villainous face of Native-American injustice.
President James Monroe began peaceful dialogue of Indian relocation as early as 1824, of which his successor John Quincy Adams supported. However with the Democratic presidency of Andrew Jackson, came a new fervor of western settlement known as the Manifest Destiny. Thus the removal of Indians became Jackson's primary goal by any means necessary. By May 1830 the Indian Removal Act had been passed as law and all tribes east of the Mississippi were called to move west. This law targeted the five main tribes of the time; The Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Cherokee, and Seminoles. While not intended to be a forced removal, those who delayed or resisted eventually were forced out. This atrocious event led to the Trail of Tears and resulted in the death of many Natives. This is one of the saddest events in American history, on par with the Nazi persecution of Jews during the 1930s.
Notable Native American Tribes
Notable Native Leaders
I became even more interested in the history of the Native Americans after playing ACIII, which to my surprise had a Native American as the protagonist. The heroic assassin, Ratonhnketon (later named Connor) is half-English/half Mohawk and plays a vital role in helping America secure it's independence. He however also becomes aware of the injustices against his native people by the Colonial Armies he thought were his allies. This game shed some light on the often overlooked controversial role George Washington's played in purging the Iroquis, as well as securing the Northwest Territory. In this post I'd like to focus on the eradication of the Native American's following America's Independence in 1794, leading to their eventual Trail of Tears in 1830.
Native Americans' Role in the American Revolutionary War
When the British settlers first arrived to Jamestown and Plymouth, it should really come as no surprise that they were quickly met with hostility. Sure some natives were more hospitable than others, but the fact of the matter was quite clear even in the early 1600s; the Europeans intended to settle the land by all means necessary. This of course gave way to an obvious conflict of interest, by which the natives did not intend to be pushed aside by this invasion. Quite frankly it was no different than Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland or Japan's invasion of China during WWII. The locals did not intend to be eradicated or forced to adapt to a foreign culture, and thus choice the only honorably option, to fight and defend their lands.
There were many military conflicts between the natives and European settlers from the 1600-1700s (see Colonial American-Indian Wars). What's even more interesting is that there were even some native tribes who fought alongside the Europeans as an effort to defeat other rival tribes. Another interesting trend is that the natives always felt the Colonial Americans were the greatest threat, and in doing so they fought alongside the French during the French and Indian Wars (1754-1763), with the British during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), and even alongside the Confederates during the American Civil War. (1861-1865). Their efforts were ultimately in vain, as they simply did not have the economic nor technological means to compete with their conquerors.To be fair there were also some native tribes who supported the Patriot cause, such as the Iroquois, however this effort was all for nothing as their territory was eventually conquered by Washington. Meanwhile tribes such as the Mohawks, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and the Cherokee sided with the British during the American Revolutionary War. This essentially made for a two-front war in which the Patriots were fighting the British on their eastern coast, while defending against Indian raids on their western posts. In 1779 in one of Washington's most atrocious acts during the war, he initiated the Sullivan Expedition to burn and destroy more than 40 Iroquis villages in mainland New York. This military conquest eventually opened up the Great Lakes to the Americans who would continue their military expansion after their war with Britain.
Cherokee-American Wars
Some of the heaviest native opposition during the American Revolutionary War was from the Cherokee tribes located in the southeastern regions of the Carolinas, Georgia and Tennessee. They were led by their fearless savage leader, Dragging Canoe who enlisted the help of other northern tribes such as the Muskogee, Chicksaw, and the Shawnee. Following their defeat by the Continental Army, the Cherokees later split into two groups; those who were prepared to make peace, and thus who led by Dragging Canoe who refused to adapt to American control. This group of natives became known as the Lower Cherokee (also known as the Chickamuaga Cherokee) and reorganized their force in the southern region of Tennessee and later into Alabama.In 1786 the Mohawk leader Joseph Bryant (also known as Thayendanegea) organized an alliance of native tribes known as the Western Confederacy. Their major goal was to resist American settlement and included many tribes such as the Iroquois, the Shawnee, the Miami, the Mohawk, and the Lower Cherokee. The Cherokee also established an alliance with the Spanish who at the time were in control of the Louisiana territory known as New Spain (from 1769-1801). The Lower Cherokee tribes thus continued their raids all throughout the southeast from 1783-1794. The Cherokee war chief, Dragging Canoe later died in 1792 and the Cherokee were completely crushed during the Nickajack Expedition of 1794.
The Northwest Indian War
Perhaps yet another smudge on President Washington's resume of greatness was his eradication of the natives in the Northwest Territory. This newly acquired territory consisted of the present-day Midwestern states of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin. Americans began settling these new lands along the Great Lakes and the Ohio River, yet were once again met with great hostility (obviously so). In 1785 the Indians formed an alliance of opposition led by the leaders Blue Jacket from the Shawnee tribe, Little Turtle from the Miami tribe, Buckongahelas from the Lenape tribe, and Egushawa of the Ottawa Tribe. This resulted in the Northwest Indian War of 1785-1795 (a historical event I am quite familiar with having grown up in Fort Wayne).
The first major American campaign of the war was led by General Benjamin Logan in October of 1786. His Kentucky militia swept thru the Ohio region and raided many Shawnee villages and the eventual murder of their chief leader, Moluntha. Despite this defeat the Shawnees continued their raids on American settlers. In 1790 the Shawnee leader, Blue Jacket and the Miami leader, Little Turtle defeated General Josiah Harmer in the northwestern region of present day Fort Wayne, Indiana. (As a boy scout I remember spending a great week at Camp Chief Little Turtle off of Long Lake). The Western Confederacy led by Little Turtle and Blue Jacket achieved an even greater victory in November 1791 against General Arthur St. Clair. This Battle of the Wabash, fought at Fort Recovery Ohio resulted in the largest victory ever achieved by the native Americans, and a humiliating defeat for Gen St. Clair.In response to this devastation President Washington replaced General St. Clair with General "Mad" Anthony Wayne. During this period there were brief negotiations between the Natives and Americans, however the territorial line could not be settled and the American's continued their campaigns. Gen Anthony Wayne established a newly organized army known as the Legion of the United States and began campaigns in western Ohio along the Maumee River. At the Battle of Fallen Timbers in August 1794, Anthony Wayne achieved a decisive victory against the Western Confederacy. The Native leaders were forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville which established American control of the region. The establishment of Fort Wayne in 1794, became the new American outpost in the heart of Indian country. Furthermore the Jay Treaty of 1795 completely expelled British forts in the Northwest region, which isolated the natives even more-so.
The War of 1812
The hostilities with the natives continued in the Northwest region, primarily at it's heart in the Indiana territory. While President Thomas Jefferson had begun new initiatives to further explore and settle the region, the Shawnee tribes began heightened resistance. They were led by the brothers Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa who established another Indian confederacy and waged open war once against in 1810 known as Tecumseh's War. The fighting reached it's pinnacle at the Battle of Tippecanoe in which American General William Henry Harrison defeated the Shawnees in August 1811. However Tecumseh did not surrender and later joined forces with the British Army at the onset of the War of 1812.
The War of 1812 was fought against the Americans and British mostly for two reasons. First was that the American seas had become a front of the much larger Napoleonic Wars, and Britain had begun to blockade American trade with France. The second reason was for the British alliance with Native Americans in the Canada region as well as the Northwest region. In an effort to regain control, President James Madison thus declared war on Britain and began a multi-fronted military engagement. Thankfully for the Americans, the British had most of their attention focused on the French, and this was rather a proxy theater of the Napoleonic Wars.The war was fought on various fronts, and began with American defeats in Canada at the Battle of Detroit and Queenston Heights in 1812. However by the autumn of 1813 the Americans were able to achieve a major goal in squashing Tecumseh's Confederacy. General William Harrison defeated Tecumseh's army at the Battle of Lake Eerie and the Battle of the Thames, which resulted in the death of Tecumseh and the end of the native confederacy. Perhaps the greatest American loss during the war came when the British burned of the capital Washington DC in August 1814. President James Madison was forced to evacuate the city and thankfully the fire was put out by a miraculously rainstorm and hurricane.
The British continued to bombard the eastern coastal cities, however the Americans eventually repelled them at the Battle of Lake Champlain and the Battle of Baltimore (which inspired Francis Key's national anthem "The Star Spangled Banner"). The fighting also waged in the southern front of America in the regions of Florida and New Orleans. General Andrew Jackson defeated the Spanish/British stronghold of Pensacola, Florida in November 1814. He then marched his army into New Orleans and defeated the British Navy with the help of French pirate, Jean Lafitte. The Treaty of Ghent was later signed in 1815 that brought an end to the War of 1812.
Seminole Wars
Following the defeat of Tecumseh, the Americans had sustained control of the Northwest region, however the Southern region was still a hostile territory. The new national hero, Andrew Jackson had successfully repelled a Native uprising in 1813 known as the Creek War before his leadership at the Battle of New Orleans. Following the Treaty of Ghent he was again put in charge of eradicating the hostile Seminole natives in the region of Florida. These campaigns are known as the Seminole Wars and the first of which began from 1816 to 1819. This rising hostility was in response to Spain withdrawing from the region and officially ceding the territory to America in 1819.By 1823 the Seminoles of Northern Florida were defeated by General Andrew Jackson and forced to withdraw further south. At this point the US began it's settlement of Florida with newly built forts and trading posts. However the tension returned in 1830 with President Jackson's passage of the Indian Removal Act. The Second Seminole War was even bloodier than the first, and consisted mostly of guerrilla warfare. President Jackson appointed General Thomas Sidney Jesup to take control of the region and drive the natives out. He eventually burnt their villages and captured their leaders Osceola and Micanopy. By 1840 the Seminoles were eventually forced to join the rest of the Natives in relocating to the small Indian Territory in Oklahoma.
The Indian Removal Act of 1830
For his role in the War of 1812, Andrew Jackson is often regarded as one of our greatest American heroes (celebrated on the 20$ bill). However he is also one of the most controversial figures on par with the Confederate leaders during the Civil War. This is mostly due to the merciless role he played in the total eradication of the Native Americans. For his role in the Creek Wars, the War of 1812, the Seminole Wars, and The Indian Removal Act of 1830 Jackson can solely be identified as the villainous face of Native-American injustice.President James Monroe began peaceful dialogue of Indian relocation as early as 1824, of which his successor John Quincy Adams supported. However with the Democratic presidency of Andrew Jackson, came a new fervor of western settlement known as the Manifest Destiny. Thus the removal of Indians became Jackson's primary goal by any means necessary. By May 1830 the Indian Removal Act had been passed as law and all tribes east of the Mississippi were called to move west. This law targeted the five main tribes of the time; The Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Cherokee, and Seminoles. While not intended to be a forced removal, those who delayed or resisted eventually were forced out. This atrocious event led to the Trail of Tears and resulted in the death of many Natives. This is one of the saddest events in American history, on par with the Nazi persecution of Jews during the 1930s.
Notable Native American Tribes
- Powhatans (Eastern Virginia) Famous for their dealings with the Jamestown, Colony in the early 1600s.
- Wampanoags (Massachusetts Bay) Famous for welcoming the Pilgrims and later iniating King Philip's War
- Massachusett (Massachusetts) Famous for their role in King Philip's War
- Iroquois (New York and Canada) Famous for their role in the Beaver Wars, French and Indian Wars, and the American Revolution
- Hurons (Canada) Famous for their alliance with French at the French and Indian Wars
- Ottawas (Canada) Famous for their alliance with French at the French and Indian Wars
- Shawnees (Ohio Valley) Famous for their resistance during the Northwest Indian War and Tecumseh's War
- Miami (Northern Indiana) Famous for their resistance during the Northwest Indian War
- Cherokees (Tennessee, Alabama) Famous for their resistance in the Cherokee-American Wars of 1783-1994; today makes up largest tribe in America
- Mohawks (New York, Canada) Branch of Iroquois famous for their role in the American Revolution and their political leader, Joseph Bryant (Thayendanegea)
- Seminoles (Florida) Known for their resistance in the Florida Region that led to three Seminole Wars
- Sioux (Minnesota, Dakotas) Known for their role in the Great Sioux War of 1876
- Pawnees (Nebraska, Kansas) Known for their astronomy practices they were considered a friendly tribe
- Cheyenne (Wyoming) Known for their resistance of American migrations such as the Oregon Trail
- Navajos (Arizona, New Mexico) Known for their woven rugs, today the make up the 2nd most populated tribe of Native Americans
- Mohaves (Arizona) Hunters and farmers in the desert regions, distinguished by their their tattoos
- Apache (Arizona, New Mexico) Known as fierce warriors who resisted American settlement
- Wahunsenacawh (Powhatan; 1547-1618) Famed chief of the Powhatans and father of Pocahontas
- Pocahontas (Powhatan; 1596-1617) Celebrated for her diplomatic relationship with Virginia settlers, John Smith and John Rolfe
- Squanto (Patuxet; 1585-1622) Helped the Pilgrims settle and established the peace of Thanksgiving
- Massasoit (Wampanoag; 1581-1661) Established peace with Pilgrim settlers and the first Thanksgiving
- Metacomet (Wampanoag; 1638-1676) Famed leader of King Philip's War
- Pontiac (Ottawa; 1714-1769) War chief famous for his Pontiac Rebellion in 1763 during the French and Indian war
- Blue Jacket (Shawnee; 1743-1810) Leader of Shawnee tribe during Northwest Indian War
- Tecumseh (Shawnee; 1768-1813) Leader of Shawnee tribe during Tecumseh's War
- Tenskwataw (Shawnee; 1775-1836) Leader of Shawnee tribe; younger brother of Tecumseh
- Chief Little Turtle (Miami; 1747-1812) Leader of Miami tribe during Northwest Indian War
- Dragging Canoe (Cherokee; 1738-1792) War Chief of Chickamauga Cherokees
- Thayendanegea (Mohawk; 1743-1807) Political leader of Mohawks (also known as Joseph Bryant) who established the Western Confederacy alliance of natives
- Black Hawk (Sauk; 1767-1838) War Chief who fought during the War of 1812 and led an uprising in Illinois and Michigan in 1832
- Sequoyah (Cherokee; 1770-1843) Famous Cherokee polymath who established Native translation and literacy
- Sacajawea (Lemhi Shoshone; 1788-1812) Famous for helping Lewis and Clark navigate the west
- Sitting Bull (Sioux; 1831-1890) War Chief of Sioux during the Great Sioux War of 1876
- Geronimo (Apache; 1829-1909) War chief who led uprisings against American western settlements
- Crazy Horse (Lakota;1840-1877) War chief of the Lakota Tribe who resisted American settlement; fought alongside Sitting Bull in the Great Sioux War of 1876
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