Historical Study: The Hundred Years War

For a long time now have I wanted to make a deep historical dive into the Hundred Years War. It was one of the most significant events of the middle ages that helped define the nations of England and France. It went on for 116 years and resulted in nearly 2 to 3 millions death. Yet I know very little about it's details. That is until I finished playing Kingdom Come Deliverance a couple months ago. I decided to stay with the Medieval phase and pivot from Central Europe to Western Europe. This period spanning from mid-1300s to mid-1400s was so eventful. There were three events in particular that defined this era; the Hundred Years War, the Black Death, and the Western Schism. It was no doubt the climax of the medieval age, that resulted in a new era of Renaissance.

I actually was not aware until recently that it was France who won the Hundred Years War. It was broken up into three major phases; England won the first phase, but France won the next two phases. This was ultimately a succession and a territorial dispute. England felt that had the rightful claim to the French monarchy and began to occupy much of French territory. However over time France resisted and kicked the English out to establish their borderlines. Of course for me the most famous hero from this war was Joan of Arc. Long have I heard of her heroic martyrdom, but little was I aware of the historical context. She is arguably one of the most fascinating figures in human history (like something out of fantasy novel that is all actually true).  

My source material in this study the past couple months has been the following. First I have read Bernard Cornwell's 4-part Grail Quest series. I was hoping the books would span the complete Hundred Years War however they only focus on the first phase known as the Edwardian Phase (1337-1360). Despite being mostly an English perspective, the books offer great historical insight to the setting of the time. I have also watched some great medieval movies pertaining to this period such as The King (2019), Messenger: Joan of Arc (1999), The Outlaw King (2019), and The Last Duel (2021). I've also watched some great Television series and documentaries and such to really submerge into the era.

Also during this medieval phase I have branched out into studies on the Black Death. the Inquisition, and a study of the saints (they were key factors in this age). The Black Death was the most deadly plague in human history costing over 50 million lives. I read Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron, to get a better feel for the setting. I also played the two video games Plague's Tale set in France during the epidemic. As I read my books and watched my movies I gathered how fanatical Christianity was in those days. Where everything was done in the name of God or the Saints. I've always intended to do a full study on the saints, and have begun reading the Golden Legend by Jacobus de Voragine to help understand their incredible stories.

So in this post want to capture the main details and highlights of the full war (all three phases). I want to understand the course of war, the key battles, the key leaders, the territorial maps, the tactics, the weapons, the turning points, and the treaties. However I also want to set the stage and get some background details prior to 1337. I already dove into the Viking Age a few years ago (see Great Heathen Army), so will try to pick up right after that. Many historians will make the case that England became a political sovereignty first in 927 AD under King Athelstan. As for France they broke away from Charlemagne's Carolingian Empire to establish Western Francia in 843. In 987 Hugh Capet united the lords and became monarch of the Kingdom of France. From this point on things got a bit complicated between England and France with marriage alliances and territorial disputes. 

Background- English/French Disputes (1066-1337)

Of course in England the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom was somewhat short-lived, and after hundred years it was conquered by the Normans in 1066. The Normans were surprisingly from France, however William the Conqueror was his own lord, and declared himself King of England (free from French allegiance). William ushered in a new system in England while still holding his territory in Normandy (northern France). The Normandy dynasty strengthened England for nearly 100 years until King Henry I did not have an heir. England fell into a period of civil war over the succession crisis known as The Anarchy. Eventually the House Plantagenet won the dispute and Henry II became king of England in 1154. 

Meanwhile King Philip of France (1060-1108) controlled the north-central region around Paris, however the lands around him such as Normandy, Aquitaine, and Toulouse were controlled by independent noble lords. The region of Normandy became the central power of France now that it was connected to the Kingdom of England. His son however, Louis VI the fat, strengthened the House of Capet and expanded the royal authority from Paris. He arranged a political marriage between his son Louis VII and the duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine to expand French power. Eleanor however is far too ambitious for Louis VII and seeks her own political ambition. The relationship eventually grows apart and is annulled in 1152. 

Eleanor of Aquitaine is such an important factor of English-French history and it's mind boggling there hasn't been a major film about her life. She was ambitious from the get-go, and after divorcing from Louis VII she continued her game of thrones with a new bold strategy. She married the young King of England, Henry II to secure her power. This created a powerful new alliance that would become known as the Angevin Empire in 1154 (which included England and most of western France). France has received a major gut punch from this land grab, until King Philip II reclaims some honor in 1180. He achieves an essential victory in 1204 by conquering Normandy from King John of England (The villain of the Robin hood tales). King Philip also strengthens his power in the south, by launching the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars. This ultimately brought an end to the Angevin Empire by 1214. 

This period often known as the First Hundred Years War marks a sudden turn where France is on the upswing while England is struggling under King John. He completely weakens the English monarchy by losing much of his land to France and limiting his royal power by signing the Magna Carta. His son King Henry III (1216-1272)  is able to stabilize the chaos, but still has limited power. Meanwhile King Louis IX of France (1226-1270) strengthens French power and infrastructure with complete devotion to Christianity. However in 1272 King Edward the Longshanks restrengthens England thru military might by conquering Wales and nearly dominating Scotland. Despite eventually losing to William Wallace and Robert the Bruce, England is once again a force to be reckoned with.       

By the early 1300s we finally arrive to the dispute that would lead to the Hundred Years War. The territorial region of Aquitaine (in southern-France) was still officially English territory after the marriage of Eleanor. Naturally France did not like this as it was their territory to begin with. This brewing tension finally hit it's spark thanks to a succession crisis in 1328. The Capetian line finally came to end when Charles IV was unable to produce a male heir. At this point King Edward III felt he had a claim to the French monarchy however France rejected this due to the obvious enemy ramifications. The tension between both monarchies went on for another ten years until in 1337 when King Philip VI from the house of Vaois decided to take back Gascony. Edward III responded by formally declaring war on France, which was the beginning of the Hundred Years War.

Edwardian Phase (1337-1360)

King Edward III was likely preparing his military for this moment since his claim was rejected in 1328. His initial strategy was to hold the southern French region of Gascony, while sending the bulk of his army across the English Channel. They landed primarily in the neutral territory of Flanders (modern day Belgium)who disliked the French. From here King Edward III established a beachhead and began to launch his campaign into France. The first main objective was to achieve naval supremacy which led to the Battle of Sluys in 1340. This was the first large battle of the war, in which the English defeated the French navy and captured thousands of soldiers and hundreds of ships. This allowed England to stretch it's landings across northern France, while disallowing a French counterattack invasion (although the French did still achieve smaller raids on the English coast).

Meanwhile as France prepares their defense another succession issue emerges in Brittany (the northwestern coast of France). Once again King Edward III pressed his claim and began to send separate raids into the region of Brittany. This theater of the war is considered the War of the Breton Succession and went on for 20 years within the larger Hundred Years War conflict. Meanwhile there is still ongoing raid/siege warfare in Flanders and in Gascony. In 1345 King Edward decided to press his advantage and launch a full scale invasion from Normandy. His son Prince Edward (aka the Black Prince) is given command of this assault referred to as the Crecy Campaign. 

In 1346 the English began devastating scorched-earth tactics (known as Chevauchees) across Normandy. The purpose was to destroy supply lines, local resources, but also get a reaction out of the French army. Their goal was achieved when King Philip assembled a massive army to confront this English invasion. The English then began a string of victories first the Battle of Caen in July 1346 then the Battle of Blanchetaque (crossing the River Somme) in August 1346. At this point the French strategy was to pursuit the smaller English army and pin them at the northern seacoast. King Edward III boldly chose to make a defensive stance despite being vastly outnumbered. 

It was here at the Battle of Crecy in August 1346 that the famous English longbowmen earned their legendary reputation. They coordinated together and delivered a rainstorm of arrows that completely obliterated the French army. It was also here where the Black Prince made his glorious debut at the age of 16. He fights thick in the action and at one point is able to completely turn the tide of battle. It was also hear where the blind king John of Bohemia, made a glorious last stand. Fighting alongside the French, he had his soldiers tie his horses together, and thus made a final charge into the enemy where he met his death (see History of Bohemia). 

Despite being routed, the French army is still not completely defeated and has a few tricks up their sleeves. They decide to press their alliance with Scotland who is also at war with England during the Second War of Scottish Independence. The French convince David the Bruce to strike in the north, while Edward's army is focused on France. This leads to the Battle of Neville's Cross (Oct 1346) in Durham, England which turns to be a total disaster for the Scottish army resulting in the capture of David the Bruce. Meanwhile King Edward decides to not march on Paris to deliver a knockout blow, but to continue with the long-game. So he turns his army to the northern port city of Calais to establish a stronger beachhead. 

The city of Calais is a heavy fortified French port city, and King Edward III decides to starve them out. King Philip once again attempts a relief effort, but it is to no avail. After nearly a yearlong siege, the city of Calais surrenders. England now has a major port hub to continue their campaign. In 1348 the war came to a stalemate as the Black Death swept across western Europe for the next few years. By 1355 King Edward resumed his offensive once again led by his brave son, Edward the Black Prince. The Black Prince marched to Gascony in southwestern France, to solidify their control there with continuous chevauchee tactics along the way. He then lead a second much larger chevauchee force in 1356 this time heading northward. This would lead to the decisive engagement at Poitiers.

Once again the English army was vastly outnumbered however the Black Prince felt they had a tactical advantage with their longbowmen. The French army under King John II strategically maneuver to trap the English army and force them to establish a defensive position. The Black Prince attempts to negotiate, however King John II demands outright surrender, which the Black Prince refuses. Once the Battle of Poitiers begins, the French army anticipates the effect of the longbowmen and march on foot instead of by horse. Nonetheless the terrain becomes narrow, and the English use their infantry more than there archers. The Black Prince then launches a well-timed calvary charge that hits the French at their flank and breaks them. They capture King John II and his son Philip the Bold and achieve a massive victory. 

Despite capturing the French king, King Edward still desires to capture Paris and thus launches another offensive in 1359. He marches his army from Calais and leads a major assault on the city of Reims. However after five weeks of siege he is unable to penetrate the city and decides to abandon the effort. Edward then marches his army towards Paris in 1360 seeking to deliver the penultimate knock-out blow. However once again the French people were able to resist the assault on their capital city. This time Edward marched further west to capture the city of Chartres. It was here that a freak occurrence happened on Easter Sunday (known as Black Monday) where a hailstorm killed 1000 English soldiers. Seeing this a warning from God, King Edward decides to finally come to terms with France and signs the Treaty of Bretigny. This brings an end to the Edwardian campaign where England gains major territory in France however still not the throne. They also agree to release King John II for a large ransom payment.      

Carolinian Phase (1369-1389)

Following the Treaty of Bretigny, France was in shambles with a weak economy and civil unrest. In 1364 however King Charles V took to the throne and began a new recovery campaign. He works closely with his military commander Bertrand du Guesclin to begin guerilla campaigns throughout the occupied region. Guesclin achieves a key victory over the Kingdom of Navarre at the Battle of Cocherel, reclaiming territory in Normandy. France then turns it's attention to an ongoing civil war in Castile (Spain), and decides to use it as a proxy war against England. France supports the house of Trastamara while England supports Pedro the Cruel. Charles V even sends his best commander, Bertrand to fight against Pedro the Cruel and Edward the Black Prince at the Battle of Najera (1367). However the Black Prince pours all his resources into this one battle to help Pedro reclaim power of Castile.

This English victory in Castile would completely backfire on them. Due to the heavy cost of this battle, Edward is forced to raise taxes on their French territory of Aquitaine, which results in civil unrest. Charles V quickly hears the cries of the French nobles in Aquitaine and declares Edward lift the heavy taxation. When Edward refuses, Charles V declares war on England to resume the 2nd phase of the Hundred Years War known as the Carolinian Phase in 1369. Meanwhile in Castile, Pedro the Cruel loses English backing for not paying his dues, and is killed by Henry Trastamara to end the Castilian Civil War. This is especially a bad fallout for Edward the Black Prince who has made enemies now in Aquitaine and with the new king of Castile.

Bertrand du Guesclin takes command of the French military with new guerilla tactics (basically to avoid open field battle where the longbowmen will annihilate them). His first campaign is to take back the region of Aquitaine, taking advantage of the civil unrest but also the Black Prince's ill condition. While fighting resumes in the southwestern region, Charles V coordinates multiple campaigns across France to split the English forces. Simultaneous campaigns are fought along the western coast in Aquitaine (southwest), Poitou (central-west), and Normandy (northwest). The French are quickly able to recapture ports, cut off English supplies, and take back their fortresses. Their first major victory comes thru a surprise assault at the Battle of Pontvallain in 1370.        

Despite their land victories, England still controls most of the western and northern French coastline. That is until King Charles V allies with the new Castilian king Henry Trastamara and attacks the key port of La Rochelle in 1372. The Spanish navy proves to be superior then the English in this instance, as they capture La Rochelle (basically for the French). After this crucial defeat England loses it's superiority on the western Bay of Biscay, significantly cutting off their supply routes. The French continue to systemically take out English garrisons and fortresses throughout occupied territory. The Black Prince is unable to deliver a proper response due to his sickness and eventually dies in 1376 at the age of 45. By 1380 both King Charles V and Bertrand die, however they have reclaimed most of France at this point. Charles VI resumes the French advantage until 1389 where he is able to force a treaty with the new English king Richard II. The Truce of Leulinghem brings an end to the Carolinian phase, with France recapturing most of it's land except for Calais. 

Lancastrian War (1415-1453)

Throughout the truce of the 1390s both England and France underwent periods of instability due their  weak leaders of Charles VI and Henry II. Eventually in 1398 Richard II is overthrown by Henry IV which brings an end to the 331 year old Plantagenet dynasty and the beginning of the Lancaster dynasty. Despite claiming the throne however Henry IV still has many enemies throughout England, who seem him as the illegitimate ruler. Meanwhile a great Welsh uprising occurs lead by Owain Glyndwr (that is heavily supported by France). France however is also undergoing internal disputes due to Charles VI mental illness and civil factions begin to break off. A civil war break outs in France between the Armagnac royal supporters and Burgundians led by John the Fearless (1407-1435). 

After the death of King Henry IV, the English crown passes on his to fierce son Henry V in 1413. Henry V has already established a reputation as a warrior king and wins the respect of all rival factions throughout England. Henry V ultimately decides to relaunch the war against France to strengthen his legitimacy as king and take advantage of France's weakening state due to the Armagnac-Burgundian Civil War. He begins with some diplomatic negotiations seeking new marriage alliances and to reclaim the territory of Normandy and Aquitaine. When this was refused Henry V sailed his army to Normandy to began the third phase of the Hundreds Years War in 1415 known as the Lancastrian War.

The first major battle of this phase occurred at the Siege of Harfluer (Aug 1415). It was by no means an easy victory for the English and lasted a month until they were able to establish a beachhead on the northern French coast. The eager young king then decided to quickly move out of Normandy territory and march along the northern coast to their occupied territory in Calais. I can't help but see this as an early tactical mistake by Henry V, who should have just sailed straight to Calais first. Since they already controlled the region, and it was a much shorter trip across the sea. Nonetheless despite capturing Harfluer, his army was weakened and basically trapped by the French. This led to the Battle of Agincourt, which should have been the knock-out punch by the French. However this is where Henry V established his legendary reputation that would later inspire a great William Shakespeare play. 

The French army basically intercepted Henry V's march to Calais, and this is what began the famous Battle of Agincourt. It took place on a narrow battlefield between the woods, that became extremely muddy due to heavy rain. This condition favored the outnumbered English army, who were able to move their infantry quickly thru the muddy conditions, while the French calvary was stalled. King Henry V himself was fighting in the midst of the action and helped turn the battle in his favor. Eventually they were able to break the French lines and force them to surrender. At this point King Henry decided to kill all the French prisoners so as to send a harsh message to the French king.

After achieving victory at Agincourt, Henry V decides to return to Normandy to press his advantage. He eventually captures the capital of Normandy at the Siege of Rouen in 1419. Henry V signs the Treaty of Troyes in 1420 which marries him with the French princess and basically makes him heir to the throne. France is still in shambles at this point due to the ongoing Burgundian civil war and the weak leadership of Charles VI. The Burgundians are sided with the English and control Paris. It appears at this stage all is lost for France, but then begins one of the most miraculous turn of events in history. With France basically in his hands, King Henry V suddenly grows sick and dies at the young age of 35. This left a major power gap in England, as the crown went to his young child Henry VI who was unfit to lead. Furthermore Charles VI died the same year, and the crown passed to his son Charles VII. But it wasn't actually Charles VII that lead the comeback. It was a young country girl from Domremy.    

This ties great into my study on the saints, and really demonstrates the Christian fanaticism of the age. The young Joan of Arc was experiencing visions from God at the young age of 13 telling her that she must save France. Despite being a young woman without any nobility, many found her passion to be convincing, and eventually she was able to get an audience with Charles VII. Facing collapse Charles VII decides to trust this mysterious young woman, and gives her armor, a banner, and even a military command. Joan of Arc becomes an incredible morale boost for the French army who are able to win back the Siege of Orleans (May 1429), the Loire Valley (June 1429), and the city of Reims (July 1429). With this string of victories Charles VII is once again crowned king in defiance to the Treaty of Troyes that recognized the English Lancaster claim. 

The next primary goal for the newly crowned Charles XII was to reclaim the French capital of Paris from the Burgundians/English. The popular Joan of Arc once again leads the Siege on Paris in Sept 1429, but is unable to break thru. She then redirects her assault on Compiegne (1430), but is wounded and captured by the Burgundian forces. Their leader Philip the Good then sells Joan of Arc as a political prisoner to the English stationed in Rouen. Knowing that she is a great threat, the English put her on trial for witchcraft with the support of the church. Charles XII does not come to her rescue, and she is burned at the stake in 1431 at the young age of 19. She becomes a Christian martyr and a rally symbol for the French people.

By 1435 Charles VII is able to make peace with Burgundy thru diplomatic negotiations. This turns out to be a major strain for England who has been capitalizing on Burgundy resources and positions. In turn the city of Paris is restored to the French monarchy where Charles VII regains his capital. Another brief truce was established with the English in 1444 known as the Treaty of Tours. Eventually the truce was unpopular by both sides, and Charles VII continued his counterattack against occupied territory in Normandy. He achieves victories at the Battle of Formigny (1450) and the decisive Battle of Castillon (1453). By this point France had recaptured all it's territory from England except for Calais (which was finally captured in 1558). This essentially brought an end to England's claim on the French throne which lasted for 116 years and resulted in nearly half a million deaths (not counting the Black Death of course). 

Hagiography: The Witnesses of Christ

As I've dived deep into this medieval phase, I've also been pulled into yet another Christian appreciation phase. This is actually a reoccurring seasonal thing for me (usually during Lent) to study scripture and get closer to God. However it's even more intriguing this time around as it pertains to my studies of the Middle Ages. It's hard not to see the importance of God and Christianity in the historical affairs of the middle ages. I would make the case that all of Europe had reached a level of fanaticism by the 800-900s when Charlemagne established the Holy Roman Empire. All were devout to Christ and everything that happened was done by his will. Whether that be the Crusades, the Inquisition, the Hundred Years War, the Black Death, or the Western Schism. It was such an intriguing time prior to the Renaissance, and all were driven by their faith.

I think when I started this study on the Hundred Years War, I really wanted to better understand the story of Joan of Arc. However I think that grew into a more ambitious project as I realized the importance that not only Jesus had but also the saints. Many people and soldiers would pray to St. George and many other saints to defend them in battle or bring them health, fortune, or prosperity. It was almost as if the saints themselves were once like Gods with their own patronage. To this day saints have extreme reverence within the Christian faith. Many shrines, churches, and cathedrals (such as Saint Peter's Basilica- the capital of the Catholic Church) are built in their name and glory. So I bought the Golden Legend written by Jacobus de Voragine in 1260. I've really enjoyed this book, underlining the highlights of the 180 saint stories. Their stories are all so fascinating mixed with historical truth as well as legendary metaphysical tales. 

This is definitely not my first Christian historical study.  I've written about the early spread of Christianity and the apostles several times (see Apostolic Age). Last year I made a deep dive study on the history of the Papacy(see Papal history). I've also already dove deep into some biblical studies of the Old Testament. This study will be primarily the saints of the New Testament. I've always intended to make a deep study on the angels and saints with biographical details. This will basically lie out the main details with some historical connections (I think the credibility of our religion lies with the historical details). The date ranges are mostly projections and some details are strictly according to legend. I always wanted to focus on the saint's patronage, symbols, feast day, and their pilgrimage sites. This first section will cover the earliest saints of the New Testament beginning with the witnesses of Christ. Then I will get into the martyrs, confessors, monastic saints, doctors of the church, and the angels. 

Holy Kin of Jesus


Mary (Mother of God)

• Years: 18 BC- 50 AD
• Nationality: Judea, Roman Empire
• 
  Life: She is considered the most important woman in the Catholic tradition since she was the mother of Jesus (thus the mother of God). She was a very virtuous woman, who was visited by the angel Gabriel, proclaiming that she would give birth to the son of man. She married Joseph in Nazareth who agreed to protect and help care for this future savior. She gave birth to Jesus in Bethlehem, then relocated to Egypt with Joseph for some time to hide from Herod's persecution. She eventually moved back to Nazareth to raise Jesus. She was purified in the temple, supported her son during his crucifixion, and later ascended into heaven. The apostles all witnessed her ascension as she was carried off by Jesus and the angels. She was then crowned queen of heaven and sits at the right hand of God, as a virgin without sin.
  
• Cause of Death: Ascension
• Patronage: Mothers, Suffering, Travel,
• Symbols: Plants, flowers, Moon, stars, sun, blue cloak, red garments, baby Jesus, heart
• Feast Day: 
• Jan 1- Mary, Mother of God
• March 25- Annunciation of Gabriel
• May 31- Visitation of Elizabeth
• Aug 15- Assumption of Mary
• Sept 8- Nativity of Mary
• Dec 8- Immaculate Conception
• Famous Churches:
• Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore (Rome, Italy)- 432-440 AD- Oldest church dedicated to Mary as mother of God
• Notre Dame (Paris, France)-1163-1345- Most famous cathedral in the world dedicated to Our Lady
• Basilica of the Annuciation (Nazareth, Israel)- 1960-1969- Marks the traditional site of the annuciation
• Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe (Mexico City, Mexico)- 1531- Honors the Mary of Guadalupe who appeared in a vision
• Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes (Lourdes, France)- 1866
• Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fatima (Fatima, Portugal)- 1917-1928
• Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem, Israel)- 327-333 AD

St. Joseph

• Years: 30 BC- 20 AD (50 years)
• Nationality: Judea, Roman Empire
• 
  Life: He was a carpenter from Bethlehem, believed to be a descendant of King David. He married Mary and decided to support her, after she mysteriously conceived a child. He was later visited by the angel Gabriel to support this claim. This would have been very unacceptable in those days, but he stuck with his family despite the judgement. He helped raise and protect baby Jesus as his adopted father. He later led his family into Egypt to escape Herod, and later back to Nazareth. During this time Joseph served as a father to baby Jesus offering him food and shelter. It's also likely he taught him in the Jewish faith and the trade of carpentry. His last scripture appearance was finding Jesus at the temple at age 12. He was not around during Jesus' ministry however, and was likely dead by this point. He was considered a very righteous man.
  
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Fathers, carpentry, workers, married people, living in exile, sick and the dying,
• Symbols: Carpenter tools, holding baby Jesus, staff with two lily blosoms, two turtle doves, rod of spikenard
• Feast Day: March 19
• Famous Churches:
• Saint Joseph Oratory of Mount Royal (Montreal, Canada)- 1924-1967- Largest shrine in the world dedicated to St. Joseph
• Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph (San Jose, California)- 1803-1885
• St. Joseph of the Carpenters (Rome, Italy)- 1597-1663

Saint John the Baptist

• Years: 6 BC-30 AD
• Nationality: Judea, Roman Empire
• 
  Life: He was the cousin of Jesus born around the same time. His mother Elizabeth was of elder years and quite a miracle that she became pregnant. According to legend, the baby John jumped in Elizabeth's womb when Mary visited Elizabeth whilst carrying baby Jesus. John the Baptist became a prophet who essentially prepared the way for the coming Messiah. He gathered a mass following throughout his teachings and famously baptized Jesus Christ in the Jordan River. He eventually made enemies with King Herod and was imprisoned. Herod's wife Herodias wanted John killed and convinced her daughter to request it of her father. Herod carried out his daughter (and wife' wish) and had John beheaded. This was approximately a year or two before the crucifixion of Jesus.
  
• Cause of Death: Beheading
• Patronage: Summer solstice, Baptism, birth, death, religious orders, Knights Hospitaler
• Symbols: Cross, lamb, scroll with words, platter with head, pouring water from hands
• Feast Day: June 24
• Famous Churches: 
• Church of St. John the Baptist (Jerusalem, Israel)- 1113
• Umayyad Mosque (Damascus, Syria)- 715- Sacred to both Muslim and Christians. Believed to have the head of John the Baptist
• Nabi Yahya Mosque (Sebastia, Palestine)- 1261- Believed to be the tomb of John the Baptist (not including his head)
• Aachen Cathedral (Aachen, Germany)- 796. Was once the chapel of Charlemagne and capital of the Holy Roman Empire.

St. Elizabeth (Mother of John the Baptist)

• Years: 30 BC-20 AD (50 years)
• Nationality: Judea, Roman Empire
• 
  Life: She is the mother of John the Baptist who famously gave birth at an elder age. She felt great disgrace for being unable to give birth and for her this was a great blessing. She was later visited by her cousin Mary, who was also pregnant with the baby Jesus at the time. Elizabeth warmly welcomed Mary acknowleding the miracle of their pregnancies, "Blessed are you among women, and blessed is thy fruit of the womb". At this point her baby John leaped for joy in her belly, at being close to the lord. Mary stayed with Elizabeth for about 3 months until returning to give birth in Galilee. After her child's birth she was insistent that he was to be named John, and not after her father Zechariah. Aside from being in the presence of the lord and giving birth to the famed preacher John the Baptist, she likely died before their ministry.
  
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Pregnant women
• Symbols: Motherhood, doorway, welcoming
• Feast Day: November 5
• Famous Churches: 
• Church of Visitation (Ein Karem, Israel)- 4th century; renovated in1955- This is considered in the same region where Elizabeth and Zechariah lived and welcomed Mary for 3 months outside of Jerusalem. The site has undergone several renovations and although doesn't have any relics it honors the biblical event.
• Church of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist (Ein Karen, Israel)- 1113, 1621-1675, 1939- Another church in the same region of Ein Karem dedicated to John the Baptist and his parents Elizabeth and Zechariah

St. Zechariah (Father of John the Baptist)

• Years: 60 BC- 20 AD (80 years)
• Nationality: Judea, Roman Empire
• 
  Life: He was a rabbi, the father of John the Baptist and husband to Elizabeth. He was visited by the angel Gabriel who told him his wife would have a child that would pave the way for the lord. Naturally Zechariah was in doubt of this because of their old age, but Gabriel responded by making Zechariah mute because of his doubt. He supported his wife throughout her pregnancy and was present at Mary's visitation with baby Jesus. When Elizabeth gave birth to John, he finally spoke after nine months of silence stating his name is John. Similar to Elizabeth, Zechariah most likely died before his son's ministry work due to his advanced years as a father.
• Cause of Death: Old age
  
• Patronage: Mute, clergy, speech, and doubt
• Symbols: Altar of incense, scroll, tablet, finger to lips
• Feast Day: September 5
• Famous Churches:
• Church of Visitation (Ein Karem, Israel)- 4th century; renovated in1955- This is considered in the same region where Elizabeth and Zechariah lived and welcomed Mary for 3 months outside of Jerusalem. The site has undergone several renovations and although doesn't have any relics it honors the biblical event.
• Church of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist (Ein Karen, Israel)- 1113, 1621-1675, 1939- Another church in the same region of Ein Karem dedicated to John the Baptist and his parents Elizabeth and ZechariahChurch of San Zaccaria (Venice, Italy)- 15th century

St. Anne (Mother of Mary)

• Years: 49 BC-4 BC
• Nationality: Judea, Roman Empire
• 
  Life: She was the mother of Mary and grandmother of Jesus. Although she is not mentioned in the bible, it is believed she was devout in the Jewish faith, alongside her husband Joachim. Similar to Elizabeth and Zechariah they were childless for some time, however thru prayer they are blessed with pregnancy of baby Mary. Anne vows in thanks that her child will be completely dedicated to God. She meets her husband Joaquim at the Golden Gate to celebrate the news and give glory to God. After Mary is born, she is seen to be exceptionally pure and reverent towards God. Her parents continue to support her call to devotion, however they also later insist that she should marry for financial stability but also Jewish law (since unmarried women were looked down upon). Eventually they help arrange a marriage with Joseph a respectable carpenter. Although she helps arrange the marriage, it is often believed that Anne died before witnessing the marriage of her daughter to Joseph, as well as the birth of Christ.
  
• Cause of Death: Old Age
• Patronage: Mothers, grandparents, pregnant woman, children, teachers, stablemen, miners, poverty, sterility, lost things, Brittany
• Symbols: Book, door, standing over Mary, dressed in red
• Feast Day: July 26
• Famous Churches: 
• Church of Saint Anne (Jerusalem, Israel)- 1131-1138- This was built over the home of Anne and Joaquim during the Crusader era
• St. Anne in the Vatican (Vatican City) 1565-1583
• Apt Cathedral (Apt, France)- 1810- It is a church and shrine dedicated to Saint Anne, with many of her relics including her veil
• Basilica of Sainte-Anne-d'Auray (Brittany, France)- 1865-1872- According to legend Saint Anne made various appearances in this French rural region. The church was built in her honor where she became the patron saint of Brittany
• Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de Beaupre (Quebec, Canada)- 1946- This cathedral was erected after various healing miracles that occurred at a smaller shrine of Saint Anne.

St. Joachim (Father of Mary)

• Years: 60 BC- 10 BC
• Nationality: Judea, Roman Empire
• 
  Life: The husband of Anne, father of Mary, and grandfather of Jesus. Also not mentioned in the bible he is considered to be a very devout in his Jewish faith. He was publicly shamed at the temple for not having children. This caused Joachim to isolate himself in the wilderness for several days fasting and praying for a child. His prayer is answered and he is visited by an angel of the lord. He returns home to Jerusalem and is iconically welcomed by his wife Anne at the Golden Gate (who has also received news from an angel). As a father Joachim is very protective of his daughter Mary and realizes she is strong in the faith. It is also believed he died before the marriage of Mary and the birth of Christ.
  
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Fathers, grandparents,
• Symbols: Lamb, doves, alongside Saint Anne and Mary
• Feast Day: July 26
• Famous Churches:
• San Gioacchino in Prati/St. Joachim in the Meadows (Rome, Italy)- 1891-1898- Built as a dedication church fo St. Joachim
• St. Anne in the Vatican (Vatican City) 1565-1583
• Church of Saint Anne (Jerusalem, Israel)- 1131-1138- This was built over the home of Anne and Joaquim during the Crusader era

The Holy Witnesses


St. Simeon the God Receiver

• 
  Years: 90 BC- 4 BC (86 years)
• Nationality: Judea, Roman Empire
• Life: He was a devout Jewish follower in his elder years. He received a vision from the holy spirit that he would meet the Messiah before his death. This moment finally came for him at the Presentation of Jesus in the Temple. He was overcome with the Holy Spirit in this moment and requested to hold the baby Jesus (knowing that this was the son of God). At which pint Simeon proclaimed he was now ready to depart in peace since he had seen the salvation of God. He also delivers two prophecies, one that Jesus will divide humanity (thru persecutions from Pagans and Jews); the second was that Mary would also suffer from the sorrow of Jesus' crucifixion.
• Cause of Death: Old Age
  
• Patronage: Old Age, Croatia
• Symbols: Elderly, Jewish robes, often depicted holding the baby Jesus
• Feast Day: February 3
• Famous Churches:
• Church of Saint Simeon (Zadar, Croatia)- 6th century- Believed to contain his mummified body and other relics.
• Church & Holy Monastery of Saint Simeon (New Jerusalem, Israel)- 5th century- Also believed to be the location of his death with his tomb and other relics.

St. Anna the Prophetess

• 
  Years: 90 BC-4 BC (86 years)
  
• Nationality: Judea, Roman Empire
• Life: She was also an elderly woman at the Presentation of Jesus in the Temple. As a devout Jewish woman, she was overcome by the presence of this child. She approached Mary and Joseph and gave thanks to God for providing them the savior of Jerusalem. Although there is not too much detail of her life, this moment demonstrates her devout faith and spiritual movement by the lord. This moment at the temple also demonstrates how two common elders (Simeon and Anna) very devout in their Jewish faith were prepared to become followers of Christ.
• Cause of Death: Old Age
• Patronage: Widows, elderly
• Symbols: Scrolls, vailed elderly women
• Feast Day: Feb 3
• Famous Churches:
• Monastery of Saint Simeon and St. Anna (Jerusalem, Israel)- 1100s- This is near the presentation temple that is jointly dedicated to Simeon and Anna

Melchoir, Caspar, Balthasar (Three Magi)

• Years: 50 BC-25 AD (75 years)
• 
  Nationality: Persia, Babylonia
  
• Life: Melchoir, Caspar, Balthasar were the three magi (often referred to as wise-men or kings) who visited Christ at his nativity. It is believed they were astrologers who traveled from the far east, likely Persia or Babylonia. The tracked a luminous star in Bethlehem which they believed had some supernatural/prophetic meaning to it. They met with King Herod the Great, but later chose not to return to him. They brought with them three gifts to present to the lord (frankincense, gold, and Myhr). This was a very symbolic narrative that demonstrated Jesus was not just for the Jews and Israelites but for the entire world.
• Cause of Death: Old Age
• Patronage: Travelers, pilgrims, astronomy, astrology, gifts, scholars, wisdom, enlightenment, kings
• Symbols: Kings bearing gifts,
• Feast Day: January 6th (The Epiphany)
• Famous Churches:
• Cologne Cathedral (Cologne, Germany)- 1180-1248- Magnificent Gothic cathedral that is the primary shrine of the three kings which claims to have their bones.
• Basilica of Sant'Eustorgio (Milan, Italy)- 4 th century- Was the original location of the tomb of the three kings, which was later relocated to Cologne by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick Barbarossa
• Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem, Israel)- 326- First basilica built by Emperor Constantine to honor the site of Christ's birth. It has ancient mosaics that honor the three kings

St. Mary Magdalene (Mary of Bethany)

• 
  Years: 10 BC-50 AD (60 years)
• Nationality: Judea, Roman Empire
  
• Life: In the gospels she is described as a wealthy sinner from Bethany. Since she is described as being beautiful woman who desires pleasure of the flesh, she is often associated as being a prostitute. She is also often considered the same person as Mary of Bethany, and the sister of Martha and Lazarus. Although it is not confirmed in scripture it seems quite likely that she was saved from stoning by Christ in which he tells the Jews whoever has not committed a sin should cast the first stone. Jesus then casts out seven demons from Mary Magdalene and she washes his feet with her hair. She becomes one of his most devout followers (sometimes even considered a love interest). She was present at the crucifixion and burial of Christ alongside mother Mary and the apostle John. She was the first one to see Jesus as the resurrected lord. After the ascension of Christ it is believed she became wise in spiritual matters and spent her final 30 years in isolated prayer in the desert. There are even claims and sources that she wrote her own Gospel with some minor beliefs in Gnosticism, though this is not confirmed.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Converts, contemplation, hairdressers, perfumists, sinners, sexual temptation, women
• Symbols: Alabaster box of ointment, holding a red egg (symbol of resurrection), embracing the feet of Christ after the Resurrection
• Feast Day: July 22
• Famous Churches:
• Basilica of Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume (Provence, France)- 1295- Community near Marseilles believed to be the burial site of Mary who made pilgrimages to this location
• Church of Saint Mary Magdalene (Jerusalem, Israel)- 1888- The celebrated hometown of Mary Magdalene
• Church of the Holy Sepulcher (Jerusalem, Israel)- 335- Although the church is dedicated to the death and burial of Christ, she is also celebrated at this temple since she was present at the crucifixion, burial, and resurrection.

St. Martha of Bethany

• Years: 10-70 AD (60 years)
• 
  Nationality: Judea, Roman Empire
• Life: She was from a wealthy family in Bethany, who was the sister of Lazarus and Mary Magdalene (also referred to as Mary of Bethany). She played a key role in the gospel story where Jesus rose Lazarus from the dead. At which point she famously said, "I believe that you are the Christ, the son of God". She became a close follower of Christ during his ministry, alongside Mary and Lazarus. She is often considered the housekeeping figure of the group who did a lot of the cooking and cleaning. Further legend tells how she calmed a dragon in Tarascon, France thru prayer and holy water. She is also associated with the Gnostic tradition and appears in some of those texts of Philip, Thomas, and Mary Magdalene.
  
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Butlers, cooks, dietitians, domestic servants, maids, homemakers, housewives, innkeepers, laundy workers, servants, travelers
• Symbols: Broom, Keys, Tarasque (French mythological dragon)
• Feast Day: July 29
• Famous Churches:
• Sainte-Marthe de Tarascon (Tarascon, France)- 12th century- Primary shrine dedicated to Martha. This is the location of her crypt, tomb, and many relics.

Saint Lazarus of Bethany

• Years: 5 BC- 60 AD (65 years)
• 
  Nationality: Judea, Roman Empire
  
• Life: He is believed to be the brother of Mary Magdalene and Martha of Bethany. Prior to the event of his death he was already a follower of Christ alongside his siblings. As he grew sick of leprosy, his sisters urgently reached out to Christ to save him. However Christ intentionally waited two days, so as to preform one of his greatest miracles. Lazarus eventually dies, and both Martha and Mary are agrieved and ask why Jesus didn't save him. Jesus is also moved to tears and explains that he is the resurrection of life, and that whoever believes in him shall not die. At which Martha confirms that he is the son of God. Jesus then approaches the tomb of Lazarus and tells him to come out. The entire crowd is amazed to see this miraculous resurrection. Lazarus remains a devout follower of Christ after this and is seen as a living sign that Jesus is the Messiah. After the death of Christ some legends state he fled to Cyprus, where he continued to preach of the lord and even became a bishop. It is believed he died of old age and not of martyrdom.
• Cause of Death: Old Age
• Patronage: Leppers and beggars
• Symbols: Mummified wraps, tomb, resurrection
• Feast Day: July 29
• Famous Churches:
• The Tomb of Lazarus & Church of Saint Lazarus (Bethany, Jerusalem, Israel)- 4th century AD- This is considered the holy site where the miraculous raising of Lazarus occurred.
• Church of Saint Lazarus (Larnaca, Cyprus)- 890- Contains many relics of Saint Lazarus where he served as bishop. It is even considered his official burial place

St. Simon of Cyrene

• Years: 20 BC-50 AD (70 years)
• Nationality: Cyrene, Libya
  
• 
  Life: Simon played an important role during the Passion of the lord, while he was carrying the heavy cross thru the streets of Jerusalem. It is believed he was an outsider from Cyrene who was visiting the city for Passover. He was likely walking thru the city as a passer-by, where he witnessed the procession unfold. At this point Christ was severely beaten, exhausted, and could hardly carry the cross. The Roman soldiers then insisted that Simon, who was of strong stature, to assist Jesus in carrying the cross. Simon did not volunteer for this role, he did not know who Jesus was, and made it clear that he was not a criminal. However in helping Jesus carry the cross, he became moved by his passion and later become a follower himself. It is also believed that his sons were also important disciples of Christ. Simon is celebrated as the 5th station of the Cross.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Heavy burdens, helpers, pilgrims, travelers
• Symbols: Helping Jesus carry the cross
• Feast Day: February 27
• Famous Churches:
• Chapel of Simon of Cyrene (Jerusalem, Israel)- 14th century- Recognizes the likely location of where Simon helped Jesus carry the cross along the Via Dolorosa Street.

Saint Veronica

• Years: 10 BC- 50 AD (60 year)
• Nationality: Judea, Roman Empire
  
• 
  Life: She was one of the weeping women following the procession of Christ to Calvary. She boldly stepped from the crowd to approach Christ and offer him a veil to wipe his face. According to legend the image of his face appeared on her cloth. The veil was later considered a great sacred relic. She is also often referenced in an earlier episode before the Passion where she was healed of a hemorrhage by touching the cloak of Jesus. She was no doubt a devout follower of Christ during his ministry and even more so after his death and resurrection. Her act of the veil is the sixth station of the cross.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Images, laundry, pictures, photos, photographs
• Symbols: Cloth that bears the image of Christ
• Feast Day: July 12
• Famous Churches:
• St. Peter's Basilica (Vatican City)- 1207-1300- The shrine of Veronica became an early feature of the capital of Catholicism in Vatican City. Her shrine consists of her statue with pillars, and the relic identified as her veil. This is considered one of the most important relics alongside the Holy Lance, Crown of Thorns, and the True Cross.
• Basilica of the Holy Face (Manoppello, Italy)- 17th century- Also claims to have the original Veil of Veronica (a lot more debatable then the one in St. Peter's Basilica)
• Via Dolorasa- Sixth Station Shrine (Jerusalem, Israel)- 14th century- A small chapel that marks the location along the Via Dolorosa street where Veroncia wiped Jesus' face.

Saint Dismas (The Penitent Thief)

• 
  Years: 10 BC- 33 AD
• Nationality: Judea, Israel
  
• Life: He was a criminal sentenced to death for thievery. He happened to be sentenced to death on the same day as Jesus Christ. His story is brief, yet still demonstrates Jesus' willingness to forgive even criminals. While one of the criminals on the cross taunted Jesus for not saving himself, Dismas quickly came to his defense. He stated they were deserving of this punishment, but Jesus was the true son of God. He then asked that Jesus remember him when he goes into his kingdom. Of which Jesus affirmed that on this day he would join him in paradise. He likely died on the cross some time after Christ, since he was not nailed but rather tied.
• Cause of Death: Crucifixion
• Patronage: Prisoners, Repentant criminals,
• Symbols: Wearing a loincloth on the cross
• Feast Day: March 25
• Famous Churches:
• Chapel of Saint Helena (Jerusalem, Israel)- 12th century- Lower level of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher with a shrine dedicated to Dismas and Saint Helena.  

Saint Longinus (Roman Centurion) 

• Years: 10 BC- 50 AD
  
• Nationality: Cappadocia, Turkey
  
• Life: He was the Roman Centurion he used a lance to give Jesus Christ's 5th wound in his abdomen. By this point Christ was all but dead, but there was a storm and the Romans wanted to clear the area and ensure he was dead. After Longinus delivered the puncture a mixture of water and blood sprayed out of the fresh wound. Since it was a windy day, much of this liquid spilled all over Longinus (who was also partially blind). At this moment Longinus was transformed for two reasons. First he witnessed the storm that had occurred as a consequence of the death of Jesus; but second he was baptized by the blood of Christ and his vision was restored. Longinus went on to become a Christian shortly after this and was later persecuted by his fellow Roman soldiers.
• Cause of Death: Beheaded
• Patronage: Military, soldiers, blind
• Symbols: Holy lance, Roman armor
• Feast Day: March 15
• Famous Churches:
• Shrine inside St. Peter's Basilica (Vatican City)- 1506-1626- Shrine dedicated to the Roman Centurion

St. Joseph of Arimathea

• Years: 30 BC-50 AD (80 years)
• Nationality: Judea, Roman Empire
  
• 
  Life: He was a wealthy Jew, who ensured that Jesus receive a proper burial tomb. He personally went to Pontius Pilate and requested to receive his body after his death, so that to bury him in his own personal tomb. This was a very courageous act for him to do, since he was considered an affluential member of the Jewish Sanhedrin. While most of the Jewish Sanhedrin sought to ruin Christ's credibility, St. Joseph sought to preserve it. He personally wrapped Jesus' corpse in linens, placed it in his tomb, covered by a large rock, and protected by guards. There are even legends that he helped preserve Jesus' relics as well as collecting his blood in a holy grail. This careful act of preservation demonstrates that he was likely a secretive disciple of Christ. There is no official record of what happened to St. Joseph after the disappearance of Christ's body due to the resurrection. It's very likely that he would have been questioned by the Romans and the Sanhedrin. However he did not die of martyrdom and various legends state he escaped Jewish imprisonment thru divine intervention and even traveled to Britain to continue missionary work. He is considered a saint for his courageous act to preserve the legacy of Christ.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Funeral directors, undertakers
• Symbols: Tomb, Linens, Rolled stone
• Feast Day: July 31
• Famous Churches:
• Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem, Israel)- 325-335 AD- The tomb of Joseph of Arimathea is located within this church that carried the body of Christ.
• Glastonbury Abbey (Glastonbury, England)- 712 AD- Built by the Benedictine order to honor Joseph of Arimathea's missionary to Britain. The site today is mostly ruins.
• Church of Saint Nicodemus & Saint Joseph of Arimathea (Ramla, Israel)- 1396- Monastery dedicated to both Jewish converts

St. Nicodemus

• Years: 40 BC-50 AD (90 years)
  
• Nationality: Judea, Roman Empire
• 
  Life: Similar to Joseph of Arimathea he is also a Jewish member of Sanhedrin, who secretly follows Christ. He is mentioned on three occasions in the Gospels. 1st he visits Jesus at night to discuss his theological teachings and refers to him as rabbi; 2nd he comes to Jesus' defense among the Sanhedrin, stating he should be heard before judged; 3 rd he assists Joseph of Arimathea carry the dead body of Christ into the tomb. He also provides customary spices and oils to anoint the dead body. After the resurrection of Christ, not much is known about Nicodemus. It is likely believed that he secretly converted to Christianity, but was already of elder age by this point and did not die as a matyr.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Curiosity, undertakers, courage, scholars
• Symbols: Night time, secretive meetings, public trails, burial shrouds, anointment of death by oil or spices, lantern, Pharisee scrolls, tomb   
• Feast Day: August 2
• Famous Churches:
• Monastery of Saint Nicodemus (Jerusalem, Israel)- 12th century- Oldest church dedicated to Saint Nicodemus. It is believed to be the location where Nicodemus spoke with Jesus and referred to him as rabbi.
• Church of Saint Nicodemus & Saint Joseph of Arimathea (Ramla, Israel)- 1396- Monastery dedicated to both Jewish converts

Saint Cleopas

• Years: 20 BC- 50 AD
• Nationality: Judea, Roman Empire
  
• 
  Life: He was a disciple of Christ, made famous by the passage of the Road to Emmaus. According to scripture on the day of the Resurrection, he was walking on a road with an unnamed companion (sometimes thought to be the evangelist Luke- since it his Gospel story). Jesus appears to both disciples in an unrecognizable body, and instead of preaching he listens to their grievances. Both disciples then invite this stranger over for dinner, and when he breaks the bread they instantly realize it is the risen lord. This story demonstrates Christ's yearning to understand our suffering and also the importance of the eucharist. From this point on Cleopas joined the apostle movement to continue spreading the word of Christ. It is not known whether he became a bishop or martyr and is most likely he died quietly of old age.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Doubt, suffering, the transfiguration of the Eucharist, walking on a road
• Symbols: Walking staff, traveler's cloak, companion, loaf of bread.
• Feast Day: Sept 25
• Famous Churches: 
• Byzantine Basilica of Emmaus Nicopolis (Emmaus, Israel)- 5th- 7th century- Identified as the site where Jesus appeared to the two travelers. Today it is mostly ruins however still considered a holy site.

Saint Ananias

• Years: 5-60 (55 years)
  
• Nationality: Damascus (Roman Empire)
• 
  Life: He is considered one of the 70 disciples after the Resurrection of Christ, however he played an important role with Paul's transformation. Jesus revealed himself to Ananias with his plan to convert and baptize Paul. This essentially makes Ananias a witness of Christ, similar to Cleopas, even though he did not see him in the flesh. Ananias was of course hesitant to baptize Paul who was persecuting Christians, however dutifully obeyed the wish of Christ. He not only baptized Paul but restored his sight after he was blinded by a vision from Jesus. Ananias later became a close companion of Paul, publicly confessing the teachings of Christ. Not much is known of his later years and if he met martyrdom or not.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Spiritual healing, courage, converts
• Symbols: Blessing someone, blindness cure, baptismal water
• Feast Day: Jan 25
• Famous Churches:
• The Chapel of Saint Ananias (Damascus, Syria)- 5th century; 1820 (rebuilt)- Identified as Ananais' home where he baptized Paul and is considered his most important pilgrimage site

The Apostles


St. Peter

• Years: 1 BC-68 AD
• 
  Nationality: Golan Heights, Israel (Roman Empire)
  
• Life: He is regarded as the leader of the apostles and Jesus' most devout follower. Peter was a fisherman and was the first apostles Jesus recruited (alongside his brother Andrew). However he began with much doubt such as when Jesus walked on water and when he denied Christ three times. Following the resurrection and the Pentecost, Peter became the leader of Christ's missionary to establish the church. He built the first few churches in Jerusalem and later traveled to Antioch and Rome. It was in Rome where he united with the apostle Paul to establish a central command. During this time he became the first pope, also referred to as the bishop of Rome. He openly debated with rabbis, pagan priests, and the famous magician known as Simon Magnus. At one point he was imprisoned by the Romans but miracoulusly was freed from chains by the angels. He was later martyred by the wicked emperor Nero, the same day as Paul. He chose to be crucified upside down, so as not to imitate Jesus Christ. He is considered one of the most famous saints and fathers of the church, renown for his dignity in Christ.
• Patronage: Fisherman, bakers, butchers, bridges, harvest, locksmiths, ships, fever, longevity, papacy, St. Petersburg
• Symbols: Papal vestments, keys of heaven, red martyr, rooster, man crucified upside down
• Feast Day: June 29
• Famous Churches:
• St. Peter's Basilica (Vatican City)- 1506-1626- Largest church in Catholicism. Contains the tomb of St. Peter and many other relics
• San Pietro in Vincoli (Rome, Italy)- 5th century
• Church of St. Peter in Gallicantu (Jerusalem, Israel)- 1931- Dedicated to Peter's 3 denails of Christ during his arrest. "Gallicantu" refers to the cock's crow.

Saint John the Apostle/Evangelist

• 
  Years: 6-100 (92 years)
  
• Nationality: Jerusalem, Judea
• Life: He was the youngest of Jesus' 12 apostles and often considered his favorite and most "beloved" of them. He was the only apostle to be at the foot of Jesus' crucifixion alongside mother Mary and Mary Magdelene. After the death of Christ he faced numerous persecution trials such as being put in boiling water however survived without harm. He was one of the few apostles/disciples to survive martyrdom. In his later age it is believed that he wrote the Gospel of John as well as the Book of Revelation.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Love, loyalty, friendship, authors, scholars, theologians, burn-victims, poison-victims
• Symbols: Eagle, chalice, gospel book, cauldron
• Feast Day: December 27
• Famous Churches: 
• Archbasilica of St. John Lateran (Rome, Italy) 324- the oldest church in Rome. Considered the Cathedral of Rome. One of the Seven Pilgrim churches of Rome.
• Monastery of St. John (Patmos, Greece) 1088
• Cave of the Apocalypse (Patmos, Greece) - legendary location where St. John received visions that inspired the Book of Revelation

Saint James the Greater

• 
  Years: 5 BC- 44 AD (40 years)
  
• Nationality: Judea, Roman Empire
• Life: He was a brother to John the Apostle and was a member of Jesus' inner circle (alongside Peter and John). He was also a fisherman casting nets with his brother John, when Jesus called him to follow. He did much of his ministry work throughout Galilee and perhaps even Spain where he converted many thru preaching and miracles. He was later persecuted by King Herod Agrippa who had him executed by sword. He was the first apostle to be martyred just ten years after the death of Christ.
• Cause of Death: Sword
• Patronage: Spain, veterinarians, equestrians, tanners, pharmacists, oysters, fishing, woodcarving
• Symbols: Red Martyr, scallop, pilgrims hat
• Feast Day: July 25
• Famous Churches:
• Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (Santiago de Compostela, Spain)- 1075- Considered the burial site of James the Great, including many of his relics
• Basilica of Santiago (Bilbao, Spain)- 15th century
• Church of Santiago (Madrid, Spain)- 16th century

Saint Thomas

• Years: 1-72 AD (71 years)
• 
  Nationality: Judea, Roman Empire
  
• Life: Thomas was a builder and a twin (although we know nothing about his twin brother). He is often considered one of the bravest of the apostles, eager to die with Christ amidst the persecution in Judea. He is however best known for his doubt when seeing the resurrected Christ. Jesus shows Thomas his hands and has him touch the hole from the nails. Jesus then famously says, "Blessed are those who have not seen and believe." To be fair Thomas was not alone in questioning this miracle as it was an unprecedented act of resurrection. After the ascension of Christ, Thomas did his missionary work in Persia and India and was key in establishing many churches there. He was eventually martyred in India, killed by spears. He is considered to be one of the Gnostic writers.
• Cause of Death: Killed by spears
• Patronage: Architects, India, twins
• Symbols: The twin, placing his finger thru the hands of Christ, spear,
• Feast Day: July 3
• Famous Churches:
• St. Thomas Basilica Cathedral (Mylapore, India)- 1500-1523- His primary burial site with relics (including his tomb and the spear that killed him)
• St. Thomas National Shrine Basilica (Chennai, India)- 1523- The location of his martydom
• Basilica of San Tommaso Apostolo (Ortona, Italy)- 1127-1258- Also contains many relics of St. Thomas

St. Matthew the Apostle/Evangelist

• 
  Years: 10 BC- 68 AD (78 years)
  
• Nationality: Galilee, Roman Empire
• Life: He was a tax collector from Capernaum who was called by Jesus to join and host a meal as an apostle. He was an educated man and one of the four evangelists often represented as an angel. After the resurrection of Christ, he traveled thru Judea, Syria, Persia, and as far as Ethiopia. It was in Ethiopia that he was martyred while preaching in mass. According to legend he was stabbed by sword in the back.
• Cause of Death: Sword
• Patronage: Accountants, bankers, collectors, perfumes,
• Symbols: Angel, Reading or writing a book
• Feast Day: Sept 21
• Famous Churches:
• Salerno Cathedral (Salerno, Italy)- 1080-1085- Has many of his relics as well as his tomb. Considered his primary pilgrimage site.

Saint Andrew

• Years: 5-70 (65 years)
• Nationality: Galilee (Roman Empire)
• 
  Life: Andrew was a fisherman and the brother of St. Peter. He and his brother Peter were the first apostles called by Jesus during the memorable line, "Join me and I will make you fishers of men". After his missionary work with Jesus, Andrew went on to continue to spread the word of the lord. He traveled to Turkey, Greece, and other regions along the Black Sea. He is considered the founder the Church of Byzantium in Constantinople. He was famously martyred by crucifixion in the shape of X (not wanting to mimic the lord). After some time on the cross, the guards offered to bring him down, but he insisted that he should die the honorable death of a martyr.
• Cause of Death: Crucifixion
  
• Patronage: Scotland, Ukraine, Russia, Greece, Constantinople, fishermen, textile, singers, miners, farm-workers, butchers, protection of common cold symptoms
• Symbols: White hair and beard, fishing net, gospel book,
• Feast Day: Nov 30
• Famous Churches:
• St. Andrew's Cathedral (Patras, Greece)- 1908-1974 This is the city where Andrew was martyred and contains some of his relics
• Amalfi Cathedral (Amalfi, Italy)- 9th century- This is the burial location of Andrew along with various other relics.
• St Mary's Cathedral (Edinburg, Scotland)- 1813-1814- Has many shrines dedicated to St. Andrew who is the Patron saint of Scotland

Saint Philip

• Years: 1st century- 70 AD
• 
  Nationality: Galilee, Roman Empire
• Life: Philip the Apostle is often associated with his ties to Greek missionary work. He also is considered an evangelic who produced many gospel writings, however was not included in the Bible. Some of his writings are considered gnostic, similar to Mary Magdalene. After the ascension of the lord, Philip traveled to Turkey, Syria, and Greece to spread the word of the lord. It was in Hierapolis that he was killed for his faith, and chose to be crucified upside down so as not to imitate the death of Christ (same as Peter).
  
• Cause of Death: Crucifixion
• Patronage: Hat-making, bakers, pastries, Uruguay
• Symbols: Red Martyr, elderly, bearded man, basket of bread loves, Tao cross
• Feast Day: May 3
• Famous Churches: 
• Basilica of the Twelve Holy Apostles (Rome, Italy) 570 AD- Has many relics associated to Philip
• Tomb of St. Philip (Hierapolis, Turkey)- 5th century- shrine that contains the burial site and relics of St. Philip

St. Jude Thaddeus

• Years: 10-65 AD (55 years)
• 
  Nationality: Galilee, Judea (Roman Empire)
  
• Life: He was one of the 12 apostles, and likely a relative or cousin of Jesus (often referred to as the brother of Jesus). He famously asks Christ at the Last Supper why he will reveal himself to them, and to the entire world. This is a fair question, in which Jesus answers only those with faith will see the true Christ. After the Resurrection, Jude joins the apostles in missionary work traveling to far off places to spread the word. He often traveled with Bartholomew most notably thru Armenia setting up a church there. He writes an epistle warning against false prophets, and defending the one true faith in Christ. He was later martyred in Persia likely with a club or axe. He is often depicted with a flame over his head which symbolizes the Holy Spirit descending upon him at Pentecost. He is often overshadowed by the more infamous apostle Judas Iscariot, and thus gets associated with lost causes.
• Cause of Death: Axe or Club
• Patronage: Lost causes, desperate situations, hospitals, Armenia
• Symbols: Flame over head, axe, club, canon, medallion
• Feast Day: Oct 28
• Famous Churches:
• St. Thaddeus Armenian Monastery (Qareh Kelisa, Iran)- 66-239- This is considered the martyrdom site of Thadeus and one of the oldest standing churches in the world.
• St. Peter's Basilica (Vatican City)- 1626- Has many relics of St. Jude including his tomb

St. Simon the Zealot

• 
  Years: 5-65 AD (60 years)
  
• Nationality: Galiliee, Judea (Roman Empire)
• Life: Also known as Simon the Canaanite, he was one of the 12 apostles, also considered a potential cousin of Jesus (likely the same person as Simon of Jerusalem). It's also likely he was part of the Jewish resistance movement against Roman occupancy, known as the zealots. However there is no indication that he was violent, and zealot could also mean he was extremely devoted to Christ. He does not have any lines or notable events in scripture. After the resurrection it is believed he traveled with Saint Jude Thaddeus to do missionary work in Egypt, Persia, North Africa, Armenia, and Georgia. He was martyred in the Caucus region, allegedly by being sawn in half (although there are also indications that he was crucified). Some legends even state that he traveled to Britain where he met his death, but this seems highly unlikely.
• Cause of Death: Sawn in half
• Patronage: Leather tanning, sawing
• Symbols: Saw, boat, fish, lance
• Feast Day: Oct 28
• Famous Churches:
• Church of St. Simon the Zealot (New Athos, Georgia)- 9th- 10th century- The site of Simon's martyrdom.
• Monastery of St. Simon the Zealot (New Athos, Georgia)- 1875-1900

St. Bartholomew

• 
  Years: 1-71 AD
  
• Nationality: Galilee, Roman Empire
• Life: Also referred to as Nathanael, he was personally called by Christ as one of the 12 apostles. According to scripture he was presented to Jesus by Philip, who had doubt that anything good could come from Nazareth. Jesus confirms that he is an Israelite from Nazareth and that he knew of Barthalomew before he came to him under the fig tree. This instantly moves Barthalomew who declares Jesus is the Son of God. He bared witness throughout the ministry, crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension of Christ. He then continued Christ's teaching in India, Mesopotamia, Persia, and Armenia where he was killed. There are disputes as to whether he was martyred thru being flayed alive or beheading.
• Cause of Death: Flayed or Beheaded
• Patronage: Armenia, bookbinders, cheese and salt, merchants, leather, skin diseases, dermatology
• Symbols: Knife, flayed skin, red martydom
• Feast Day: Aug 24
• Famous Churches:
• Basilica of San Bartolomeo all'Isola (Rome, Italy)- 10th century- Primary shrine of St. Barthalomew that contains many of his relics as well as his tomb.
• Frankfurt Cathedral (Frankfurt, Germany)- 1550
• Cathedral of St. Bartholomew (Plzen, Czech Republic)- 14th century
• Saint Bartholomew Monastery (Lake Van, Turkey)- 13th century- The traditional site of his burial and martyrdom. Today it is mostly ruins.
• Basilica of San Bartolomeo (Benevento, Italy)- 8th century

St. James the Less

• 
  Years: 5 BC- 62 AD (67 years)
  
• Nationality: Judea, Roman Empire
• Life: He was one of the 12 apostles, often considered the same person as James the son of Alphaeus, or James the Just, or James, the Brother of Christ (when in truth he was likely another of his cousins). He was silent in the gospel scriptures without any notably events. He is referred to as the "less", only because James the Great, was called first, was older, and was much closer to Christ. After the resurrection he played a lead role in the Council of Jerusalem in 49 AD. He practiced discipline, simplicity, and devoted prayer to Christ. He even wrote an Epistle that documented some of his views regarding charity, and defending the faith against persecution. He did not travel far like the other apostles and was eventually martyred in Jerusalem. It is believed he was killed by defenestration (thrown from a height) or likely beaten to death.
• Cause of Death: Defenestration or beat to death
• Patronage: Apothecaries, dying people, pharmacists, hat-making
• Symbols: Carpenters saw, club
• Feast Day: May 1
• Famous Churches:
• Basilica of the Twelve Holy Apostles (Rome, Italy)- 552-570- Specifically dedicated to St. James the Less and St. Philip. Holds many of James' relics.
• Cathedral of Saint James (Armenian Quarter, Jerusalem)- 1160s- Dedicated to James the Great and James the Less; considered to be James the Less burial site
• Basilica Minore di San Giacomo Apostolo (Venice, Italy)- 1742-1790- One of the largest churches dedicated primarily to James the Less

Evangelists (Who Weren't Apostles)

Saint Mark the Evangelist

• 
  Years: 12-68 (56 years)
  
• Nationality: Cyrene, Libya
  
• Life: He was an evangelist who wrote the 2nd gospel in the New Testament. He was not one of the original 12 apostles however he was a close companion of Paul and Peter and is thus considered one of the 70 disciples. He did ministry work with both the prophets Peter and Paul, transcribing many of their teachings. It is believed his gospel was mostly a testimony of Peter's experiences with Christ. Mark later went on to found the first Catholic Church in Alexandria, Egypt. It was there that he was killed as a martyr in the year 68.A violent mob tied a rope around him, and dragged him across rocky roads until he was dead.
• Cause of Death: Body dragged over rigid rocky grounds
• Patronage: Lawyers, Venice, Egypt
• Symbols: Winged lion, gospel book
• Feast Day: April 25
• Famous Churches:
• Basilica of San Marco (Venice, Italy)- 829-836- Iconic cathedral in the plaza of San Marco
• Saint Mark's Coptic Orhtodox Cathedral (Alexandria, Egypt)- Originally built in 42-60, however destroyed multiple times. Current church that stands was built between 1985-1990. This is believed to be the site of his martydom and burial.

St. Luke the Evangelist

• Years: 1-84 AD (83 years)
  
• Nationality: Antioch, Roman Empire
• 
  Life: He was not one of the 12 apostles, but he was a disciple and one of the four main evangelists who wrote the gospels. There is much speculation that he was one of the two disciples (along with Cleopas) who were visited by Christ during the Resurrection on the Road to Emmaus. It is believed he was very humble, a highly educated gentile with medical experience. He later became one of Paul's closest companions and did much of the writing that is mentioned throughout the New Testament. He is also regarded for highlighting the importance of mother Mary, more than any other evangelist. He did not die a martyr since he was more of a writer then a preacher like Paul.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Artists, writers, bachelors, physcians, goldsmiths, butchers, brewers, glass workers
• Symbols: The Winged Ox (symbol of the evangelist), medical doctor, man with a book or pen, glorifying Mary
• Feast Day: October 18
• Famous Churches:
• Basilica di Santa Giustina (Padua, Italy)- 520s- Many of Luke's relics are kept here. Believed to have been transported from Constantinople
• Saint Luke's Catholic Church (Indianapolis, IN)- 1961- Not historic, but I joined this parish in 2012 and am still a parishioner there.

Post Resurrection Apostles

St. Matthias

• 
  Years: 5 BC- 65 AD (60 years)
  
• Nationality: Judea, Roman Empire
• Life: He was a follower of Christ during his ministry and was elevated to apostle after the betrayal of Judas Iscariot. This was so they had 12 and not 11 apostles. This was likely done after the lord's Ascension into heaven, of which Matthias received the holy spirit at Pentecost. He then began his ministry first in Judea, then traveling to Asia Minor, Cappadocia (Turkey), and as far as Ethiopia. It is not clear when, where, or how he was martyred, but most traditions hold it to be a death by stoning in Judea.
• Cause of Death: Stoning or Beheading
• Patronage: Alcoholics, carpenters, tailors, smallpox, hope, perseverance
• Symbols: Axe, Christian martyrdom
• Feast Day: May 14
• Famous Churches:
• Abbey of Saint Matthias (Trier, Germany)- 1148-1160- Contains many of St. Matthais' relics
• Church of San Mattia (Rome, Italy)- 4th to 6th century

Saint Barnabas

• 
  Years: 10-61 (51 years) 
  
• Nationality: Cyprus, Roman Empire
• Life: He was not one of the original 12 apostles, however he was one of the 70 disciples. He abandoned all his belongings to follow Christ early on. After Jesus' crucifixion he became a close companion of Paul and traveled with him doing missionary work. He is especially remembered for doing missionary work in Antioch where he founded the first Catholic church there. He later split from Paul to join John Mark doing missionary work in Cyprus. It is there that he was martyred either by stoning or burning to death.
• Cause of Death: Stoned to death
• Patronage: Cyprus, Antioch, hailstorms, peace-making, diplomacy
• Symbols: Pilgrim's staff, olive branch,
• Feast Day: June 11
• Famous Churches: 
• Monastery of Saint Barnabas (Salamis, Cyprus)- 477-900; The site of his martyrdom and burial

St. Paul

• Years: 5- 65 AD
• Nationality: Tarsus, Turkey
• 
  Life: He was not one of the original apostles however joined the movement after Christ's resurrection to become one of the most important Christian prophets. Saul began as a fierce Pharisee condemning Christian believers, including the stoning of St. Stephen. However on his road to Damascus he was visited by the spirit of Jesus Christ which completely transformed him. He was blinded by this vision and went hungry for three days studying scripture. At this point he transformed into Paul to become a devout Christian, preaching the ways of Christ. Although he did not bear witness to the life of Christ, he spent much time writing and studying the acts of the apostles. He was very repentant for his past sins in which he persecuted Christians. He journeyed far and wide with the apostle Luke into Syria, Turkey, Cyprus, Jerusalem, Greece, and Rome. He worked with Peter and the other apostles at the Jerusalem Council to accept gentiles into the faith, which defined Christianity as a religion free from the Jewish law. Although he met various times with Peter and the apostles he mostly preached independently. He was identified as one of the most important apostolic leaders and was put to death in Rome, the same year as Peter. He was martyred by beheading under Nero. His greatest impact was the early theological doctrine, of which the majority of the New Testament can be accredited towards.
  
• Cause of Death: Beheading
• Patronage: Missionaries, theologians, evangelists,
• Symbols: Martyrdom, sword, books
• Feast Day: Jan 25- Conversion of Saint Paul
• June 29- Martyrdom of Saint Peter and Saint Paul
• Famous Churches:
• Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls (Rome, Italy)- 4th century- The central burial site of St. Paul.
• Tre Tre Fontane Abbey (Rome, Italy)- 7 th century- The three fountains of Rome is an abbey considered the martyr site of St. Paul
• Church of Saint Paul (Tarsus, Turkey)- 1102- Built on the birthplace of Saint. Paul