Mariology: The Title Devotions of Mary

This idea came to me just recently as I've been deep into theological studies but also during my project on cathedrals. As I went thru the list of all my favorite cathedrals and basilicas I realized the majority were dedicated to the Virgin Mary. I also realized that many of these dedications used different titles for Mary (which I knew little of). I then came to realize that there is a major underlying devotion to Mary within the Catholic faith. Sure she is the mother of God, but she is not quite at the divine level of the Holy Trinity. And yet it almost seems that she is adored and worshipped as if she were a Goddess herself. I especially have picked up on this thru my Latin heritage and travels, where I see households with entire shrines dedicated to the Virgin Mary (Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, the Theotokos, the Perpetual Virgin, Guadalupe, Fatima, Lourdes, Chiquinquira, and so many more) . There is without question more Marian devotions and church dedications than any other holy figure, including Jesus. 

It's a very fascinating topic, known as Mariology, that pertains to the church's theological doctrine on Mary, but also the devotional aspect that is not church doctrine. The church does recognize the importance of Mary, and has clearly defined 4 official Marian Dogmas. First that she is the Theotokos (Mother of God), second that she is the Perpetual Virgin, third that she was conceived without sin known as the Immaculate Conception, and fourth that she was carried into heaven thru the Assumption of Mary. With this acknowledgement in mind, the church clearly states that Mary is not divine, and that she works as an intercession of Christ, and thus is not to be worshiped like Christ. The same argument could be made for the saints, that are also prayed to as devotional patrons. 

I for one have always understood the significant nature of the Virgin Mary, and have seen her as the utmost example of pious humility. She is the embodiment of holiness, purity, and motherly affection for her child Jesus. I'd say her story best shines during the Nativity, where she undergoes many trials and tribulations to deliver the son of God. During this time she is put into a very difficult situation beginning with her lower class status, arranged marriage to Joseph, accusations of adultery, traveling to Bethlehem during her late pregnancy, giving birth to her son in a barn, and then having to flee to Egypt so that her child would not be killed by Herod. She handles all of this with incredible grace and faith in God. She then later has to deal with even more misery during his crucifixion. It's no doubt that she is one of the most important figures in the Christian tradition, 2nd only to the Holy Trinity. 

With this central motherly role she plays it's no wonder she is so popular among Christians (especially since she is the supreme female figure of the Bible). In all honesty however I know very little about the devotional aspects of mother Mary. I can think of no better time to make my first proper deep dive into Mariology study then the month of May, which happens to be the month of Mary. I want to hit this study from every angle as I did with my saint study. I first want to highlight the main events of Mary's life that are considered the Sacred Mysteries. All dogma, doctrine, and devotion is derived out of these main events from her life that come from the bible. I then want to break all the various devotions down into categories, beginning with her many titles, prayers, images, and apparitional events. This first portion will be a study on her main titles, which each have a different theme or element to them. They are basically an epithet like a nickname that can be used during invocations and prayer. These are the most famous of her titles, many of which are used during the Litany of Loreto. 

Sacred Marian Mysteries

The Immaculate Conception- This is one of the four Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church which defines Mary as free from original sin. This is the event where Mary is conceived in the womb of her mother Anne. Although it is not directly mentioned in the bible it was later debated and accepted as theological doctrine (Council of Trent 1545). She is considered the only human to be born free of sin. This makes total sense when you consider that she is also the mother of God (Theotokos). Although she is not quite a Divine Incarnation like Jesus, thru her Immaculate Conception she becomes the most holy of all humans. The narrative of Joachim and Anne meeting at the Golden Gate could commemorate this miraculous event. The Immaculate Conception is one of the most popular Marian devotions because it marks the beginning of her holy life.


The Nativity of Mary- This is the 2nd most important birth in the New Testament after the Nativity of Christ. Once again this account is not mentioned in the bible, however later accepted as theological doctrine. The main source being from the Infancy Gospel of James). Per tradition Mary's parents Joachim and Anne were infertile for many years. Joachim was shamed in the temple for not having children, which caused him to retreat into the woods for a long time in prayer to God. The prayer was heard and Anne miraculously became pregnant in her elder age (similar to Elizabeth). Their celebration at the Golden Gate is a testament to this miracle. After the birth of Mary, her mother Anne dedicates Mary to God in Thanksgiving.

Presentation of Mary- At the young age of 3 Anne fulfills her promise to God, by presenting her daughter, Mary to the rabbi of the temple. This becomes a symbolic consecration where Mary is prepared to serve God. Although this is one of the lesser practiced mysteries (also not in scripture), it can be seen as the main event of her childhood. It is often accepted that Mary spent much of her childhood years in constant prayer and holiness thru the temple and presence of God.

The Annunciation- This is the first major Marian mystery that is mentioned in the Gospel, and is considered the start of the Nativity Story. Mary is visited by the angel Gabriel who tells her she will carry the son of the most high and his name will be Jesus. Mary is naturally confused at first but then humbly accepts and believes the angelic apparition, willing to fulfil the word of God. It is also at this moment where the Divine Incarnation happens, where God becomes flesh in Mary's womb, as baby Jesus. The key to this devotion is not only the divine interaction but also Mary's free consent to trust in the lord, and let his will be done.

 

Visitation of Mary- The next major event in Mary's life is her visitation to her cousin Elizabeth. Just as Mary's parents were infertile the same was the case for Elizabeth and Zachariah until they were also visited by the angel Gabriel. The angel Gabriel told Zechariah that Elizabeth would give birth to John the Baptist, who would pave the way for the lord. Zechariah famously doubted the angel, and he was struck mute as a consequence. Months later when Mary visited Elizabeth, the baby John leapt in her mother's womb. Elizabeth then gives one of the first proper Marian blessings, but stating "Blessed are you among women and blessed is the fruit of the womb". The first portion of the famous Hail Mary prayer, recounts Gabriel's greeting "Full of grace, the Lord is with you", while the 2nd line recounts Elizabeth's blessing.

Dormition of the Mother of God- The next holy mystery of Mary is her Dormition, which means her final sleep. This is not quite death but only the end of her physical being since after this she is carried off to heaven in the Assumption. This tradition is recognized by the Latin Church but is more celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox church. This moment could be seen as the end of her earthly existence, where her body is not corrupted but rather resurrected just like Jesus Christ.

 
Assumption of Mary- This is one of the most famous events of the Marian mysteries. Yet just like the Immaculate Conception it is also not mentioned in the bible but accepted as later theological doctrine. According to tradition as Mary was approaching her death, all the apostles were miraculously summoned and gathered to her side. Her soul is then carried up into heaven by the angels, while her body is buried by the apostles. They later discover that her body is also missing from the tomb, and perceive that she has risen just like Jesus Christ. This narrative demonstrates the immaculate nature of Mother Mary, who would later be queen of heaven.

The Coronation of Mary- This mystery is also not in the scriptures but was developed later as theological doctrine. It makes complete sense however if she is the mother of Jesus, who is God, that she should be the Queen Mother of all. She is the only human to have lived a life without sin (thru God's grace) and deserves the highest of honors. Queen of all. Not just heaven, but of earth, of all life, mankind, the angels, saints, and the apostles. There is no greater woman in the Catholic faith then mother Mary, and it is only fitting that she should be seen as a queen.


Title Devotions (Doctrine)

Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception

• Feast Day: December 8
• Scripture Reference:
• 
  "Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with You"- Luke 1:28
• Development History: 
• Council of Trent (1545-1563)
  
• Official Dogma (1854-1858)
• Church Dedications:
• Basilica of the National Shrine of Immaculate Conception (Washington DC)
• Manila Cathedral (Manila, Philippines)
• Famous Artwork:
• Bartolome Esteban Murillo (Spain 1675)
• Giambattista Tiepolo (Italy 1767)
• Diego Valazquez (Spain 1618)
• Column of the Immaculate Conception (Rome 1857)
• Prayers: O Mary, Conceived without sin
• Symbolism: Crescent moon, halo of twelve stars, blue robe, putti, serpent under foot
• Patronages: United States, Philippines, Spain
• Summary: This devotion is based entirely on the sacred mystery of Mary's Immaculate Conception (when she was conceived in the womb of her mother Anne, free from original sin). It is considered one of the 4 major Marian dogmas (along with the Theotokos, the Pepetual Virginity, and the Assumption). This devotion is acknowledging Mary's purity and grace free from corruption and sin. It is one of the most popular devotions celebrated thru prayers, churches, art, and hymns. She is often depicted in white and blue garments, with a halo of 12 stars (representing the 12 tribes of Israel and the apostles). She stands atop a serpent which represents sin and evil, which she has defeated thru her triumph of grace. She is often associated with the apparition of Our Lady of Lourdes who referred to herself as the Immaculate Conception.

 
Immaculate Heart of Mary

• 
  Feast Day: Feast of the Sacred Heart (68 days after Easter)
  
• Scriptural Reference: 
• "But Mary kept all these things, pondering them in her heart" - Luke 2:19
• Development History:
• 17th century- St. John Eudes advances devotion
• 1917- Virgin Mary apparition in Fatima promotes devotion to her Immaculate Heart
• 1940- Pope Pius XII formally recognizes the devotion and establishes feast day.
• Church Dedications: Brompton Oratory (London, England)
• Symbolism: Flame, burning heart, pierced with a sword, roses, lily flowers
• Patronages: Spiritual life, penitence, peace, protection, families, the church
• Summary: This devotion blew up after the Marian apparition in Fatima in 1917 where she identified herself as the Immaculate Heart. It is also linked to the Devotion to her son's Sacred Heart, as well as the Seven Sorrows and Miraculous Medal. The idea behind this devotion is her suffering at watching her son endure such hardships and pain thru his human life. This can also be seen as her burning motherly love for all of mankind.

 

Theotokos- Mary, mother of God

• Feast Day: Jan 1st- Solemnity of Mary
• 
  Scriptural Reference:
  
• "And why is this granted me, that the mother of my Lord should come to me" - Luke 1:43
• "The child to be born will be called holy, the Son of God" - Luke 1:35
• "God sent his son, born of a woman" - Gal 4:4
• Development History:
• Council of Ephesus (431)- formally declares Mary as the Theotoks
• Church Dedications: 
• Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore (Rome, Italy)
• Hagia Sophia (Istanbul, Turkey)- originally dedicated to Mary, mother of God
• Famous Artwork: 
• Hodegetria of Constantinople
• Our Lady of Vladimir
• Black Madonna of Czestochowa
• Santa Maria Maggiore Mosaic
• Madonna and Child (Duccio)
• Sistine Madonna (Raphael)
• Prayers:
• Sub Tuum Praesidium (3 rd century)
• Ave Maria
• Symbolism: Christ child, throne, stars, blue/red garments, mother and child
• Summary: This devotional title is one of the 4 major Marian dogmas that has been accepted as official church doctrine. It was not completely established until the Council of Ephesus in 431 after debating against Nestorianism (where Jesus is defined as two people- divine and human. The church believes Jesus is one person who is divine and human). This is a fitting title for Mary, since she gave birth to Jesus who is God in the flesh, thus making Mary the mother of God. This does not make her divine, but it still makes her the highest form of humanity. It brings Mary a supreme nature, even though she is the epitome of humility and piety.

 
Mary, mother of the Church

• Feast Day: Monday after Pentecost
• 
  Scriptural Reference:
• "Behold your mother"- John 19:26-27
  
• "All these with one accord were devoting themselves to prayer... with Mary the mother of Jesus"- Acts 1:14
• "Let it be done to me according to your word"- Luke 1:38
• Development History:
• 1964- Vatican Council II proclaims Mary as mother of the church
• 2018- Pope Francis establishes feast day
• Famous Artwork:
• Mater Ecclesia Mosaic (Mary with Christ Watching Over the Church)- St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
• Symbolism: The Church, Holy Spirit, Flame, dove, Mary with Christ
• Summary: This one ties into Pentecost which is considered the official start of the Catholic Church. Mary was present when the Holy Spirit descended upon the apostles and all followers in the room. Although she did not partake in much ministry work like the apostles and disciples, she was the mother of Jesus and his greatest advocate, thus the foundation of the church. She is thus seen as the mother of the entire Catholic church organization, from the clergy to the doctrine to the laypeople.

 
Mary, Queen of Heaven

• Feast Day: August 22- Queenship of Mary
• Scriptural Reference:
• 
   "A woman clothed with the sun... and on her head a crown of twelve stars." Rev 12:1
• Development History:
  
• 1954- Pope Pius XII formally emphasis the Queenship of Mary
• Church Dedications:
• Santa Maria in Ara Coeli (Rome, Italy)- 12th century
• Famous Artwork:
• Fra Angelico (1434)
• Diego Velazquez (1641)
• Enguerrand Quarton (1453)
• Gentile da Fabriano (1420)
• Peter Paul Ruebens (1609)
• Gustave Dore
• Giacomo di Mino (1340)
• Madonna Dell Strada (13th century)
• Raphael (1502)
• Botticelli (15th century)
• Filippo Lippi (1441)
• Prayers:
• Salve Regina
• Regina Caeli
• Litany of Loreto
• Ave Regina Caelorum
• Symbolism: Crown, twelve stars, throne, radiant light, holding her child
• Summary: This devotion is one of the sacred Marian mysteries, and the final chapter of her story. After the assumption she is placed at the right hand of the Holy Trinity as the Holy Mother and Queen of all. She is queen of Saints, queen of the Angels, queen of Apostles, queen of Confessors, queen of the Virgins, queen of the Martyrs, Queen of Israel, Queen of Families, Queen of Patriarchs, and Queen of Prophets. This gives her a royal title, somewhat similar to the supremacy of the Theotokos divine title. While she certainly is a queen, I prefer the more pious Marian devotions of her as the Holy Mother and blessed virgin.

Title Devotions (Non Doctrine)

Virgin of Mercy

• Feast Day: Sept 24 (Our Lady of Mercy)
• Scriptural Reference:
• 
   "His mercy is from generation to generation" Luke 1:50
• "All generations will call me blessed" Luke 1:48
• Development History:
• 13th century- St. Peter Nolasco begins devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy (Mercedarian Order)
• Famous Artwork:
• Madonna of Mercy (Sano di Pietro)
• Polyptych of the Misericordia (Piero della Francesca)
• Prayers: Salve Regina
• Symbolism: Cloak/mantle, people under cloak, Mary as large divine figure protecting her followers
• Summary: The title Mother of Mercy depicts Mary's motherly qualities as protective and compassionate. This is not an official church dogma but grew thru the Mercedarian Order as well as art depicting her in this fashion. The icon often depicts her as a large divine figure, with a massive cloak (sometimes held by putti). Underneath the cloak are her devout followers often on knees praying for her protection.

 
Our Lady of Navigators

• 
  Feast Day: Feb 2nd (Feast of the Presentation of the Lord)
  
• Development History:
• 15th century- Developed during the maritime Age of Exploration; most notably from the Casa de Contratacion (House of Trade) in Seville, Spain
• Famous Artwork:
• Virgin of the Navigators (Alejo Fernandez, 1531)- primary icon
• Symbolism: Mantle, cloak, ships, sea, explorers, Mary as protector
• Summary: Similar to the Virgin of Mercy, the Virgin of the Navigators is also a protector of her flock (in this case those who take to sea). This one arose as a popular tradition from The Seville House of Trade and spread from there. It's most famous association is thru the painting of Alejo Fernandez that depicts Mary in this role. The church recognizes the devotion but it does not have it's own feast day. It is associated to the Feast of the Presentation of the Lord due to it's symbolism of light, guidance, and safe journeys since Christ was the light of the world.

Most Holy Name of Mary

• 
  Feast Day: September 12
  
• Scriptural Reference: 
•  "Hail, full of grace" Luke 1:28
• "Blessed are you among women"- Luke 1:42
• Development History:
• 15th century- Promoted by St. Bernardine of Siena
• 1683- Battle of Vienna- Christian victory attributed to the intercession of the holy name of Mary
• 1684- Pope Innocent XI establishes feast day
• Symbolism: Her name spelled out, radiance, light, angels honoring the name,
• Prayers: Litany of the Holy Name of Mary
• Summary: This devotion puts major reverence to using the name of Mary (just as we use the word God or Jesus). It is not to be taken into vain. The devotion became popular during the high middle ages. It especially got it's claim to fame after being invoked during the Battle of Vienna where the Holy Roman Empire and it's Christian coalition defeated the Ottoman Empire.

 
Mary Seat of Wisdom

• 
  Feast Day: June 8
  Scriptural Reference:
• "Christ the power of God and the wisdom of God" 1 Cor 1:24
• Development History:
• 1587- The Litany of Loreto prayer becomes an official church prayer, which acknowledges Mary as the Seat of Wisdom.
• Iconography: Enthroned Madonna holding the infant Christ
• Symbolism: Throne, seat, Christ child
• Prayers: Litany of Loreto
• Summary: This title can be a little deceiving, but it's actually referring to Jesus as the Divine Wisdom, while he sits on Mary. So Mary is not being referred to as the queen of wisdom, rather the throne by which her child sits on. While it may seem somewhat demeaning to turn Mary into a chair, it's actually the highest form of praise since she was worthy to carry God. This throne represents the dwelling place of God no different than a shrine, Temple of God, or even the Ark of the Covenant.

 
Mary, Refuge of Sinners

• 
  Feast Day: August 13 
  
• Development History:
• 8th century- Saint Germanus, bishop of Constantinople, promotes the title
• 16th century- Litany of Loreto 
• Symbolism: Refuge, sinners
• Prayers: Litany of Loreto
• Summary: Often referred to as Refugium Peccatorum, this is one of the many titles used in the Litany of Loreto prayer. This title gives homage to Mary's mercy (especially towards sinners). Even though she herself is free from sin, she knows all mankind are sinners and offers welcome and forgiveness. Here she is thought of as the safe-haven, a sanctuary for repentance and renewal. This devotion is quite similiar to Our Lady of Mercy and Mary, Help of the Christians. 

Star of the Sea 

• Feast Day: Sept 27 (Apostleship of the Sea)
• 
  Development History:
  
• 4th century- Saint Jerome first starts using the title
• 8th-12th century- St. Bernard of Clairvaux popularizes the term
• Church dedications:
• Stella Maris Monastery (Haifa, Israel)
• Iconography: Marian Coastal imagery, Madonna with Star Imagery
• Symbolism: Star, Sea, Ship
• Prayers and Hymns:
• Ave Maris Stella (Hail, Star of the Sea)
• Maris Stella Devotional Prayers
• Patronages: Netherlands, seafarers, sailors, fishermen, travelers
• Summary: Also known as the Stella Maris, this is a devotion that refers to Mary as the guiding light in the sky. While it could be used by any Christians that are seeking direction, it was mostly applied by navigators of the sea (Similar to Our Lady of Navigators). This is not a doctrinal title, even though it was made popular by doctor of the church St. Bernard of Clairvaux. I think it has a much nicer poetic ring to it then Our Lady of Navigators, and can be applied to all believers, not just sea voyagers.

Mystical Rose

• 
  Feast Day: July 13 (Associated with Fatima apparitions)
  
• Scriptural Reference: 
• "I am the rose of Sharon" Song of Songs 2:1
• Development History:
• Middle Ages: Mary compared as a rose thru poetry and theology
• 16th century- Litany of Loreto uses the title
• 1947-1960- Rose Mystical Apparitions (not officially approved by the church)
• Church Dedications:
• Iconography: Rose, Fragrance, Thorns
• Prayers: Litany of Loreto
• Summary: This is another title that was made famous from the Litany of Loreto prayer. Similar to Star of the Sea, it also has a very poetic ring to it. Mystical refers to her spiritual nature, while the rose is the perfect symbol of purity, beauty, and grace. Although this is not considered an apparition devotion, it is linked with an event in Montichiari, Italy. From 1947 to 1960 Pierina Gilli claims to have experienced several visions of Mary identifying herself as the Mystical Rose (with three roses on her chest). The claim is not authenticated by the church however it still has become a popular pilgrimage site with a shrine. The Mystical Rose title is ultimately considered more of a poetic title than an apparation or church doctrine one. It's also a fitting title as roses are most prominent during the month of May, which happens to be Mary's devotional season.

Mary, Help of the Christians

• 
  Feast Day: May 24
  
• Development History:
• 345- Title first used by Saint John Chrysostom
• 8th century- Title is used in Byzantine tradition
• 1571- Battle of Lepanto- victory over the Ottomans is dedicated to Mary's intercession
• 1815- Pope Pius VII establishes the feast day after being released captive under Napoleon
• 1863- Pope Pius IX Further expands the devotion
• Church Dedications:
• Basilica of Our Lady Help of Christians (Turin, Italy)
• Sheshan Basilica (Shanghai, China)
• Famous Icon
• Venerated Image on the apse of Turin Basilica
• Symbolism: Crown, mantle, baby Jesus, holding a scepter
• Prayers: Litany of Loreto, Salesian Novena
• Summary: This devotion emphasizes Mary's protection of all Christian followers. It became popular during the middle ages, and was used in times of war and defense such as the Battle of Lepanto. It was also used by Pope Pius VII who was help captive by Napoleon and prayed to Mary for deliverance. He established the feast day dedicated to this devotion after his prayers were answered. Similar to the Most Holy Name of Mary, it calls upon her to intercede on trying times. It is one of many titles used in the Litany of Loreto.    

Our Lady of the Rosary

• 
  Feast Day: Oct 7
  
• Development History:
• 13th century- St. Dominic promotes the Rosary practice
• 1571- Battle of Lepanto- Christian victory dedicated to Mary's intercession
• 1571- Pope Pius V establishes feast of Our Lady of Victory, later renamed Our Lady of the Rosary
• Church Dedications:
• Rosary Basilica (Lourdes, France)- Part of the Lourdes sanctuary
• Rosary Basilica (Fatima, Portugal)- Part of the Fatima sanctuary
• Pontifical Shrine of the Blessed Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei (Pompei, Italy)
• Chapel of the Virgin of the Rosary (Puebla City, Mexico)
• Rosary Cathedral (Toledo, Ohio)
• Famous Artwork:
• Madonna of the Rosary (Caravaggio)
• Virgin of the Rosary (Murillo)
• Madonna of the Rosary (Luca Giordano)
• Feast of the Rosary (Albrecht Durer)
• Prayers: The Rosary
• Iconagraphy: Rosary beeds, roses
• Summary: The traditional prayer of the Rosary was developed from monastic circles during the early middle ages. So this devotion was well in use before it became commemorated after the Battle of Lepanto. It's important to note however that the feast established by Pope Pius V was first known as Our Lady of Victory before it was renamed to Our Lady of the Rosary. They are both separate Marian title devotions today that are inspired from the same historical event. The Lady of Victory honors the triumph in battle, while the Lady of the Rosary offers a more solemn prayer and thankfulness. It is also a devotion to the most famous of all Marian prayers, the Rosary (which I will write more about in the Marian prayers topic). 

 
Our Lady of Victory

• 
  Development History: Battle of Lepanto (1571)
• Feast Day: Oct 7
  
• Development History: 
• 13th century- St. Dominic promotes the Rosary practice
• 1571- Battle of Lepanto- Christian victory dedicated to Mary's intercession
• 1571- Pope Pius V establishes feast of Our Lady of Victory, later renamed Our Lady of the Rosary
• Church Dedications:
• Notre-Dame-des-Victoires (Paris, France)
• Church of Our Lady of Victory (Prague, Czechia)
• Our Lady of Victory Basilica (Lackawanna, New York)
• Prayers: The Rosary
• Iconography: Ships, navy battle, Mary standing over the battle, rosary
• Summary: This devotion was established as homage to the Christian victory over the Ottomans at the Battle of Lepanto. As mentioned above the feast day was first established by Pope Pius, and then later changed to Our Lady of the Rosary. This devotion is still quite popular during any form of competition or with sport teams, most notably the Notre Dame football team. It's intention however is probably a little too aggressive for mother Mary's humble nature, and is somewhat suppressed by the church in favor of the more serene Lady of the Rosary.

 
Our Lady of Sorrows

• Feast Day: Sept 15
  
• Scriptural Reference: 
•  "And a sword will pierce your own soul also"- Luke 2:35
• Development History:
• 
  13th century- Development of the devotion by the Servite Order (Order of Servants of Mary)
• 1750- Alphonsus Liguori further promotes the seven pains of Mary in his book Glories of Mary
• Church Dedications: Statue of Sorrowful Virgin at Salamanca Cathedral
• Famous Artwork:
• Seven Sorrows Polyptych (Albrecht Durer)
• Mater Dolorosa (many versions)
• Pieta (many versions)
• Neustra Senora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga
• Sorrowful Mother of Warfhuizen
• Nuestra Senora de los Dolores de Turumba
• Our Lady Who Softens Evil Hearts (Russian Icon)
• Iconography: Sad, tears, seven swords or knives in her body
• Prayers and Hymns: 
• Stabat Mater
• Rosary of the Seven Sorrows
• Patronage: Order of the Servants of Mary, Sisters of Our Lady Sorrows, Slovakia, Poland
• Summary: This is one of the more popular Marian devotion titles that reflects the emotional pain she endured as mother of Jesus. These seven sorrows are all biblical events beginning with the prophecy of Simeon at the presentation of the temple. He is grateful to hold the baby Jesus and proclaims him as the savior of the world, but then tells Mary that her son will rise and fall, be opposed by many, and ultimately that her soul will be pierced (with emotional grief). The next sorrowful event can often be overlooked as Mary is forced to flee with Joseph into Egypt. This is horrifying situation for a mother to have her child hunted for death, while many other innocent babies were killed by Herod. The next sorrows are more commonplace, beginning with losing Jesus at the temple, the fourth station of the cross, the crucifixion of Jesus, the descent from the cross, and the burial of Jesus. Bridget of Sweden takes this devotion a step further with the five lances of the Immaculate Heart of Mary pertaining to her son's passion (his nakedness, his mocking, the crown of thorns, his crying to God, and his fateful death). On the flip side of this devotion are the Seven Joys of Mary. This title can also be referred to as Our Lady of Compassion.

 
Seven Joys of Mary

• Development History: 
• 
  Middle Ages- Popularized by the Franciscan Order thru the Seven Joys Rosary
• Famous Artwork:
  
• Seven Joys of the Virgin (Hans Memling)
• Presentation of Mary (Titian)
• Iconography: Mysteries and events of Mary's life
• Prayers and Hymns: 
• Franciscan Crown Rosary
• Seven Joys of Our Blessed Lady in Heaven (St. Vincent De Paul)
• Seven Joys of Mary (carol)
• Summary: This is the devotional answer to the Seven Sorrows of Mary (even thou it is not quite as popular). They depict all the major joyful events of Mary's life in the bible. This includes the Annunciation, the Nativity of Jesus, the Adoration of the Magi, the Resurrection of Christ, the Ascension of Christ to Heaven, the Pentecost, and the Coronation of the Virgin. It was originally established with five joys (as used in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) and then expanded with 7 (sometimes the Visitation and Finding in the Temple are exchanged). This devotion (as well as the seven sorrows) can often be tied to 15 Mysteries of the Rosary.

 
Our Lady of Consolation

• Feast Day: Sept 4
  
• Scriptural Reference:
• 
  "God of all consolation"
• Development History:
• Middle Ages- Promoted by the Augustinian Order. Establishment of title.
• Church Dedications:
• Church of Our Lady of Consolation and Saint Francis (West Sussex, England)
• Basilica of Our Lady of Consolation (Tariba, Venezuela)
• Iconography: 
• Our Lady of Consolation (Luxembourg Cathedral)
• Our Lady of Consolation in Prezworsk (Poland)
• Prayers and Hymns: Augustinian prayers
• Symbolism: Mary with Christ Child, Mantle, calm expression, saints beneath her
• Summary: This devotion pertains to Mary's motherly affection to comfort, encourage, and console suffering souls. It was developed by the Augustinian Order and became widespread in other major institutions (such as the Order of Friars Minor Conventual and Order of Saint Benedict). There have been many images and statues depicting this namesake that have been venerated by the papacy. However this is not an image-based devotion, rather a title devotion that has inspired many forms of iconography.

Our Lady of Confidence

• 
  Feast Day: October 1838
• Scriptural Reference: 
  
• "Blessed is she who believe"- Luke 1:45
• Development History: 
• 18th century- St. Vincent Pallotti promotes the devotion, most notably thru the Pontifical Roman Seminary
• Famous Artwork: Madonna della Fiducia
• Summary: While this began as a title devotion that emphasized Mary's faith and trust in the lord, it later became defined by an image (The Madonna della Fiducia). Whey Mary was first approached by Gabriel, in the Annunciation, she displayed courageous trust in the lord to let his will be done. Mary is depicted in the famous image as being calm and at peace with her child, a true sentiment of confidence. This devotion is especially popular among priests beginning their seminary vocations. Those who seek confidence, self-esteem, or any form of assurance can look to this devotion to help strengthen their virtues. It is also a form of hope and faith, in that we put our confidence in her namesake, knowing that she watches over us and is with us. 

 
Our Lady of Guidance

• 
  Feast Day: April 26 (Our Lady of Good Counsel)
• Scriptural Reference: 
  
• "Do whatever he tells you" John 2:5
• "Mary kept all these things, pondering them in her heart"- Luke 2:19
• Church Dedications:
• Ermita Church (Icon of Our Lady of Guidance)- Manila, Philippines
• Iconography: Black Madonna statue (Manila, Philippines)
• Symbols: Scepter, parure of jewels, long brown braided hair, indigenous wardrobe
• Summary: Similar to Our Lady of Good Counsel, Mary is depicted as guiding others to follow Christ most notably at the Wedding of Cana. Just as with the Lady of Confidence, a famous image helped make this devotion all the more popular. It is wooden figure of the Black Madonna, considered to be the oldest Marian image in the Philippines. It was venerated by the church and is enshrined in the Ermita Church. This devotion can be used for those seeking counsel and advice but also in the event of navigation and seeking direction. Thus it is similar to Our Lady of Navigators in this sense, popular among travelers.

Our Lady of Peace

• Feast Day: July 9
• 
  Scriptural Reference:
  
• "Peace I leave with you, my peace I give to you"- John 14:27
• Development History:
• Middle Ages- devotional title grows popular during times of war, plague, and social unrest
• 1682- Miraculous image of El Salvador
• Church Dedications:
• Basilica of Our Lady of Peace (Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast)
• Cathedral Basilica of Queen of Peace (San Miguel, El Salvador)
• EDSA Shrine (Quezon City, Philippines)
• Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace (Honolulu, Hawaii)- oldest American Catholic cathedral still in use
• Iconography: Mary holding the Christ Child with a dove or an olive branch, crown of stars
• Prayers and Hymns:
  
• Summary: It's only natural that mother Mary would be the patron of peace, as her son commanded us to "love one another, as I have loved you". This is the golden commandment of the church, that seeks peace and love over violence and hate. Mary is the epitome of grace, love, and peace. The devotion took significant meaning in El Salvador, when a box washed ashore containing a wooden figure of Mary holding her child. According to legend, after the box was opened hostilities in the region ceased. The image of the statue was later venerated by Pope Benedict XI in 1921, thus giving this devotional title, an image-based devotion.  

Our Lady of Providence

• Feast Day: Nov 19
• 
  Scriptural Reference:
  
• "Do whatever he tells you" John 2:5
• "Do not worry about your life... Look at the birds of the air... your heavenly Father feeds them" - Matthew 6:25-33
• Development History:
• Middle Age- Doctrine of Divine Providence develops
• 1480-1547- St. Cajetan establishes the Theatine Order which is associated with Divine Providence spirituality
• 1800s- The image of Our Lady of Providence is established which promotes the devotional title
• Church Dedications:
• National Shrine of Our Lady of Divine Providence (San Juan, Puerto Rico)
• National Shrine of Our Lady of Providence (Sant Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana)
• Iconography:Our Lady of Divine Providence (Puerto Rico)
• Symbolism: Mary holding baby Jesus while he is asleep
• Patronages: Puerto Rico, Indiana
• Summary: This is a devotional title that identifies Mary as the source of fate and good fortune. Providence means something is destined, and that one should give complete trust and faith into the lord as Mary did during the Annunciation or at the Wedding of Cana. Mary is the ultimate believer in God's Divine Providence that everything is part of his greater plan. The devotion grew into a popular image-based devotion during the 1800s, where Mary is depicted holding Jesus while he is asleep. It's also a popular devotion in Indiana, where a similiar icon of Mary holding her sleeping child is put on display in a shrine. 

Our Lady of Solitude

• 
  Feast Day: Holy Saturday (after Good Friday)
  
• Development History: 
• 16th century- Strong development of Nuestra Senora de la Soledad in Spain and thru the Servite Order
• Church Dedications: Basilica of Our Lady and Saint Anthony of Mafra (Mafra, Portugal)
• Symbolism: Black clothing, Mary alone, tears, hands clasped in prayer
• Summary: The Lady of Solitude can be considered an extension of Our Lady of Sorrows, that focuses on Mary's grief during Jesus' passion. This is especially the case after his death, where she feels alone (which is why the feast is celebrated on Saturday after Good Friday). The key of the word solitude however is more-so that she reflecting on the nature of God's will thru great fortitude. While she feels heavy grief from the death of her son, she also knows it is part of the God's greater plan. Just as with many of invocations of Mary, a popular image was later associated to this devotion that originated out of Spain and Portugal.

 

Mother Thrice Admirable

• Development History:
• 
  17th century- Title first used in Ingolstadt, Germany by Jesuits (Image of Mater ter Admirabilis is venerated)
  
• 1914- A shrine in Schoenstatt, Germany is dedicated to the Mother Thrice Admirable
• 1914- The Apostolic Movement of Schoenstatt begins as a Catholic revival effort with deep emphasis on Marian devotion
• Church Dedications: Schoenstatt Shrine
• Famous Artwork: Mother Thrice Admirable Madonna (Luigi Crosio 1898)
• Prayers: Convent of Love
• Summary: This devotional title pertains to Mary's 3 defining traits; mother of God, Virgin Mother, and mother of humanity. The title was primarily used as part of a Catholic revival movement in Germany, known as the Schoenstatt Movement in 1914. The movement was established by Father Joseph Kentenich who sought to revitalize the Catholic church, by promoting daily life to be lived thru the example and guidance of mother Mary. The movement is still active today and spread worldwide with shrines and communities (primarily in Chile). The image of the Mother Thrice Admirable Madonna became the key icon of this devotional movement.

 
Mediatrix of All Graces

• 
  Development History:
  
• 1600s- First use of Mediatrix title, as channel of grace
• 19th century- Theologians such as Alphonsus Liguori push for official doctrine dogma. Church affirms her role, but clarifies that the mediator role belongs only to Jesus
• Symbolism: Mary as channel, light, rays, March with Christ
• Summary: This title can be related to Timothy 2:5 "There is one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus". While Jesus is seen as the ultimate channel or link between God and Man, Mary is the intercession of this bond. Meaning she serves in a total cooperative role of Jesus's mission to save humanity. In this sense the term "New Adam" is sometimes used to describe Jesus, while the term "New Eve" is used to describe Mary. This is in reference to God's new covenant which is to forgive humanity from the original sin caused by Adam and Eve. This Mediatrix devotion also implies that all grace flows thru Mary, however the church stands firm that she is merely the chief intercessor on Jesus' behalf. That is to say that Jesus is the primary mediator and all Mary's grace flows thru Christ. However some in this devotion might consider her motherly relationship with Christ, as an influential mediation in it's own right. Another angle in favor of this claim is that Jesus is already the divine God so Mary would be the more logical intercessor between God and humanity.

Theological Study: Augustine of Hippo

I was in-truth planning to wrap up this recent phase of Christian study with my project on the saints (that  was actually a bi-product of my medieval studies). However in my last post regarding the Doctors of the Church, I felt a new wave of academic and spiritual inspiration. So I thus decided on a whole new phase, a deep dive study into Christian theology. Sure, I'm a lifelong Catholic and know the basics of the doctrine, but am curious how that doctrine came about. Jesus Christ gave us his holy words and message but he didn't quite lay out a perfect roadmap on how the church was to be established. That was developed over centuries of theological "doctoring" and collaboration in the official Church councils. It's worth noting however that surprisingly the church doctrine hasn't really changed all that much since it's consolidation at the Council of Nicaea in 325 AD.

I later intend to make a full detailed post on the historical evolution of Christian doctrine (primarily thru it's key contributors but also the key Councils). But I'm also going to put more attention into the Christian theological study itself. That is to say this phase is going to be more of a philosophical study then my usual preferred historical study. Truth be told, I've always enjoyed philosophy and the desire to question the nature of things. I think for the most part I'm quite grounded in my beliefs, and they do mostly exist within the Catholic teachings. Nonetheless there are still questions that not even our church can bluntly answer. Such as what came in the beginning? Why is there evil? Why is there life? What comes after death? And do we really have eternal souls? 

Now these questions have been asked since the beginning of time, and there's a whole school of philosophical study to properly compare-and-contrast (Platonism, Aristotelianism, etc). Some day I might dive deeper into all that, but for me it comes down to faith in a higher power and a greater good. So I approach most my philosophy with a theological belief, sometimes referred to as Theism. I truly believe this is an optimistic way to approach all these mysterious questions. That everything has a reason and a purpose and not just some scientific meaningless coincidence. However I also support science and reason, and find that faith and reason can coexist quite well. For example I think it would be naive to truly believe that God created the world in 7 days, and not thru a slow process of evolution. (That doesn't mean he still didn't create it however).

As I read the book Confessions, I find the teachings of Augustine of Hippo to be most in line with this theological approach to faith-and-reason. He is considered one of the greatest most important Doctors of the Catholic Church (alongside Thomas Aquinas). Augustine laid the early foundation of some of these mysterious theological questions but also played a significant role in the development of Christine doctrine (thru vast study of the scriptures). He basically bridged the gap of classical Greek/Roman philosophy with Christian theology. He created his own theist philosophy known as Augustinism, which today is considered one of the major pillars of Catholic theology. In this post I'd like to focus on his biography but also his main theological concepts. I won't lie I followed his biographical books 1 thru 9 a lot easier then his philosophical books 10 thru 13 (I have still yet to read City of God but intend to soon). 

The Life of Augustine of Hippo

The book Confessions begins as an autobiography from chapters 1 to 9, mixing his early regrets with his philosophical discourse. He was born in Roman North Africa in 354 AD in the town of Thagaste (modern day Algeria). His father Patricius was a councilman and a pagan, while his mother Monica was a devout Christian (who later became a Saint for her influence on Augustine). It fair's to say he grew up in a middle class lifestyle and displayed the normal qualities of a teenager boy (chasing girls and causing trouble). He later confesses great guilt in his book for his desire to steal pears from a tree, not because he was hungry, but because he wanted the thrill of adventure (and doing something wrong). This later becomes a key component to his philosophical creed.

He showed great intellect as a young boy and later went to Carthage to study philosophy and rhetoric. During this time he had many friends and even a girlfriend who he had a child with (Adeodatus). In 383 AD he joined the Manichaeism movement which was a form of dualistic religion that believed there was an equal balance of good and evil (light and dark). The religion did accept Christ as a great prophet, but was not a form of Christianity rather it's own distinct religion. They put high emphasis on Gnosticism (the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom to achieve salvation). To them the material physical world, even the flesh, was a form of evil, while the inner mind and soul was the good. Augustine stayed with this belief for nine years, teaching and recruiting people as a "healer" from the age of 19 to 28. 

In his book, Augustine describes how even though he followed the religion with great conviction he still struggled with internal questions. His greatest conflict was the question of evil, which he felt Manichaeism didn't quite address. He eventually decided to move to Milan to further his career as it was a much more booming intellectual center then Carthage. It was here in 386-387 where he began his conversion thru the teachings of St. Ambrose. Ambrose showed him that Christianity wasn't just some irrational faith, but had concrete philosophical evidence to support it. Augustine eventually had his complete awakening when he heard a voice tell him to "Take up and read". This inspires Augustine to study the bible and become baptized by Ambrose.

There's no doubt that the Christian influence was already embedded within Augustine thru his devout mother Monica (who would pray and cry that he would convert with an obsessive motherly nature). When she died in 387 this was a difficult time for Augustine, who decided to return to his home of North Africa in Hippo. It was here that he spent the rest of his life as a devout priest and later became a bishop. During this time he wrote many most of his famous theological works including Confessions and City of God. He spent his final years in prayer and died at the age of 75 as the Vandal Germanic Tribes invaded Italy and Northern Africa. Although he never took part in an official church council, his theological writings were quickly endorsed by the church into early doctrine at the Council of Carthage in 418 AD, the Council of Orange in 529 AD, and many more after that. 

The Concepts of Augustine of Hippo   

The Question of Evil

One of the main reasons Augustine converted from Manichaeism to Christianity was the question of evil. Why does evil exist, and why does God allow it? Manichaeism essentially stated that evil was a divine force equal to good, and thus God was not responsible for evil. But this also basically meant that there were two gods at work (a good God and an evil God). This went against his belief that there was one ultimate source of reality. It also went against his belief of free will in that a person chooses good versus evil, rather then being controlled by it. It was thru Christianity that he came to his enlightenment on this question. God was the one ultimate source of good, and evil was just a lack-thereof good (like a hole in a shirt). The act of evil occurs not by God but by free will (more on this in the next topic).

The two best examples of this are Satan choosing to rebel against God or Adam and Even choosing to commit the first sin against God. Augustine believes that it is due to these early sins, that God punished us with suffering and death. However God later became flesh as Jesus, to forgive us and establish a new covenant of eternal life thru salvation. This nature of evil is thus engrained in our lives as we know it, and humans are all natural sinners. That is not to say they seek to choose evil, but rather they seek a lack of spiritual righteousness. It is in our human nature to desire pleasure (indulgences, sloth, lust) over spiritual enrichment. He basically frames this as a reverse priority where we seek instant gratification versus the long-term spiritual gratification.

While this helps understand moral evil thru free will it does not explain natural evil (why must bad things happen). However Augustine also has a theory for this which the church accepts, but it's still a complex and mysterious one. According to Augustine God created a universe of natural order just as he did free will that is grounded with rules and neutrality. While the universe he created is ultimately good (free from total chaos), it is a neutral finite world. Just as with moral evil, natural evil occurs as a lack of good that’s creates disorder, tragedy, disasters, sickness, and death. While this is all unfortunate reality, Augustine believes that God has a greater plan at work, but we can only see the fragmented parts of how it affects us. He also believes that greater spiritual good can come from this natural evil. The key here is that the world is not total perfection, because it is neutral and finite. Only God is total perfection. If the world was perfect we would basically all be Gods (immortal and all-knowing). 

Free Will

To better understand the root of evil, I think we need to understand Augustine's teaching of free will (which falls in line with natural order). God created this system to give people a chance to find him naturally. He gives us a moral responsibility to choose good over evil, love over hate. The call to do good, is to seek God, while the call to sin is to turn away from God. Augustine famously claims that this call to do good comes from God as a form of divine grace. It is not so much that God is controlling our choices to do good, yet rather helping influence the desire to do so. He even goes as far as to say that some souls are "predestined" for salvation more than others. But it's ultimately a twofold relationship where the more we seek God, the more he works thru us to do good (as the Holy Spirit). 

The term "finite" is best used to describe God's purpose for free will and natural order. This means that God did not create a world of infinite celestial existence yet rather a structured world of laws, boundaries, and time. Since there is finite time and order, it means we are suspect to natural imperfection, dependency, and fallibility. There is ultimately a beginning and an end. But why put us in a world with such limits? I like to believe this finite system is created as a challenging test so that we may truly find God. The natural order we know of gives us our conditions (both good and bad) by which we use our free will to find and love God. Since our physical nature is ultimately doomed, eternal salvation can only be achieved thru God's power. 

Time and Memory

The concept of time was another very intriguing concept from Augustine that I enjoyed and understood. He basically makes the case that there is no past or future, but only the present. There is no duration of time, rather a perception of the mind. The past is just our memory revisiting past things in the present moment. The present is our direct attention to the present moment. While the future is our expectation in the present moment. Everything happens in the present moment. It feels like duration only because the mind is stretching it with the use of memory, attention, and expectation. Augustine claims that God is eternal without beginning or end, and time as we know it only relates to the creation of the universe. Therefore since humans are finite we are subject to time; birth, change, growth, and decay.  

So according to Augustine our physical change comes from our finitude, while our experience of time comes from our memory. Augustine was fascinated with the mysterious power of the memory and it is actually a key part of his time theory. He considers the memory as not just a storage database, but also a functional active tool that is used in the real-time present moment. We can envision things and recall past moments without physically seeing them (which can create real emotions in the present moment). This creates a system of time, where we use our memory and experience of the past to attend to the present and anticipate our future. 

It's worth noting that his theory on time quickly came into conflict with the opening book of Genesis where God created the world in 7 days. Augustine firmly believed that God created all matter as we know it at once and everything else was a product of change. While the theory of evolution was way before his time, he was an advocate of reason, and would likely support the theory as long as it was in line was God's creation. He would also support the claim that Adam and Eve were not some celestial beings who just appeared on earth, but more so the mortal roots of Original Sin. I've always believed that the book of Genesis is not to be taken literal, but is more of an allegorical book of Gods teachings. 

Church Doctrine

Aside from his great philosophical contributions Augustine was also invested in his ecclesiastic work as a priest and bishop. This was made most apparent in his other famous work known as "City of God". As Rome was facing oblivion to the Visigoths he wrote this as his final creed stating Rome was not the city of God anyway. He claims Rome is the earthly City of Man who puts themselves and material things over God. While the City of God was the invisible eternal reality made visible by the church. He saw the church as the institutional body that was established by Christ to help administer the salvation thru sacraments. However Augustine also claims that City of God is not necessarily in the church, but it is more-so within us. 

Augustine believed that the church, priests, and bishops were the appointed successors of the apostles and thus the church had authority from God. Since the apostles were chosen by Christ, and the apostles chose their disciples, and so forth, this gives the church a successive lineage that comes from God. Augustine considered the sacraments as the most important act to receive spiritual grace (especially baptism and the eucharist). The sacrament of baptism saves us from the Original Sin, while the sacrament of the eucharist brings us closer to God. He also emphasized that the power of these sacraments is not coming from the priests, yet rather thru God. So people must receive these sacraments in total grace since they are not just consuming bread and wine, yet rather the actual body and blood of Christ.

Top 100 Favorite Catholic Churches

So this idea came to me as I was studying the saints and realized how many churches were dedicated to them. I was also interested in the sacred relics and tomb locations of many of these saints. I then quickly discovered as I wrote this post that most great churches are actually dedicated to Mother Mary. However nonetheless all the great saints are honored in these churches in various ways (relics, tombs, mosaics, sculptures, stained-glass windows, shrines). It's actually quite a beautiful thing I love about being Catholic. It's our rich history of iconography and great architecture. The glory of God, Jesus, the Holy Spirit, mother Mary, the angels, and the saints are triumphantly displayed thru magnificent pomp and pure art. This could really be said about every aspect of the Catholic church, but for now I want to focus primarily on the architecture.

Although I don't have any real architecture or engineering experience, I have always enjoyed the aesthetic quality of a great building. The word itself "architecture" sounds like "art" because it is an artform. It's a design and construction that must not only serve a purpose but also do so in a visually pleasing manner. It's also quite different then other artforms, in that it is a major undertaking and collaborative effort. It requires not only a brilliant concept, but also the resources, finances, and manpower. Many of the churches on this list have taken over 600 years to fully complete. While modern skyscrapers are cool to look at it, nothing quite hits like a castle or cathedral that has truly withstood the test of time.

I've always included architecture landmarks in my cultural studies, and made a thorough list of my favorite architecture a few years ago. One of the categories I wrote about was my favorite cathedrals (see Top Ten Cathedrals). However this was just scratching the surface of the most famous monuments. This time around I wanted a much deeper dive into all the major churches I've often seen and read about. It was quite an ambitious project and took me over 3 weeks to study and write (mostly during my downtime at work). There were just so many I loved, and even 100 seemed like not enough. There were some I just hated to cut from this list, but I will still include them as honorable mentions.

I decided I wanted the list to be a study of all the great and most famous Catholic churches. Thus this will exclude a lot of the famous Protestant churches (many of which were once Catholic churches but were converted). I will also be excluding eastern Orthodox churches (even though they technically fall under the Catholic Church, it's a very different tradition). My ranking here is based on the historical, sacred, and pure architectural significance of the building. Many of these churches are fairly simple designs but sit on a very sacred site, and that alone gives them monumental prestige. This list will include churches, cathedrals, basilicas, abbeys, and chapels. I tried my best to get a global perspective, but the honest truth is that most of the great churches are located in Europe (spoiler: mostly France, Italy, and Spain). Ultimately this is my own personal taste and there may be some bias towards churches I have seen. But there's so many more I have not seen, and probably am still missing from this list. I just wish I had the time and money to see them all. Maybe some day I can go on an epic pilgrimage and walk along the Via Dolorosa.

Top 10 Catholic Churches We Have Lost

• 
  Abbey of Monte Cassino (Cassino, Italy) 529-1944 (WWII bombing)
• Frauenkirche (Dresden, Germany) 1726-1945 (WWII bombing)
• Abbey of Saint-Jean-des-Vignes (Soissons, France) 12th century-1790s (French Revolution)
• St. Andrew's Cathedral (Fife, Scotland)1158-1560s (Protestant Reformation)
• Cluny Abbey (Loire, France) 12th cenutry-1790s (French Revolution)
  
• St. Nicholas Church (Hamburg, Germany)1846-1943 (WWII bombing)
• Old St. Paul's Cathedral (London, England) 1087-1666 (Great London Fire)
• St. Lambert's Cathedral (Liege, Belgium) 8th century-1790s (French Revolution)
• Old St. Peter's Basilica (Roman Empire) 4th century-1500s (Demolish for replacement)
• Church of the Holy Apostles (Constantinople) 4th century-1453 (Ottoman Conquest)

Top 25 Former Catholic Churches

• 
  Hagia Irene (Istanbul, Turkey) 4th century-1453 (Islam)
• Chester Cathedral (Chester, England) 1093-1536 (Anglican)
• Magdeburg Cathedral (Magdeburg, Germany) 1209-1520 (Lutheran)
• Nidaros Cathedral (Trondheim, Norway) 1070-1537 (Lutheran)
  
• Wells Cathedral (Wells, England) 1175-1490 (Anglican)
  
• Pammakaristos Church (Istanbul, Turkey) 11th century-1591 (Islam)
• Gloucester Cathedral (Gloucester, England) 1089-1534 (Anglican)
• Ribe Cathedral (Ribe, Denmark) 1150-1536 (Lutheran)
• St. Albans Cathedral (St. Albans, England) 1077-1534 (Anglican)
• Uppsala Cathedral (Uppsala, Sweden) 1270-1527 (Lutheran)
• Salisbury Cathedral (Salisbury, England) 1220-1258 (Anglican)
• Utrecht Cathedral (Utrecht, Netherlands) 1254-1517 (Protestant)
• Rosklide Cathedral (Roskilde, Denmark) 1170- 1536 (Lutheran)
• Winchester Cathedral (Winchester, England) 1079-1532 (Anglican)
• Berlin Cathedral (Berlin, Germany) 1451-1539 (German Protestant)
• St. Patrick's Cathedral (Dublin, Ireland) 1191-1270 (Anglican)
• York Minster (York, England) 1220-1534 (Anglican)
• St. Giles (Edinburg, Scotland) 14th century-1560 (Presbyterian)
• 
  Durham Cathedral (Durham, England) 1093-1534 (Anglican)
• Chora Church (Istanbul, Turkey) 4th century-1511 (Islam)
• Lincoln Cathedral (Lincoln, England) 1072-1534 (Anglican)
• Ulm Minster (Ulm, Germany) 1377-1531 (Lutheran) 
• Westminster Abbey (London, England) 960-1534 (Anglican)
• Canterbury Cathedral (Canterbury, England) 597-1534 (Anglican)
• Hagia Sophia (Istanbul, Turkey) 537-1453 (Islam)

Catholic Church Honorable Mention

• 
  Tours Cathedral (Cathedral of Saint Gatien) – Tours, France
• Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba – Córdoba, Spain
• St. Patrick's Cathedral- Melbourne, Australia
• Basilica of Saint Mary- Minneapolis, Minnesota
  
• Beauvais Cathedral (Cathedral of Saint Peter) – Beauvais, France
• Amalfi Cathedral (St. Andrew's Cathedral) – Amalfi, Italy
• Church of Saint-Bruno – Voiron, France 
• National Basilica of the Sacred Heart (Koekelberg Basilica) – Brussels, Belgium
• Albi Cathedral (Cathedral of Saint Cecilia) – Albi, France
• Basilica of Notre-Dame des Enfants – Châteauneuf-sur-Cher, France
• Basilica of the Holy Blood – Bruges, Belgium (Note: Your list left the country blank here)
• San Giorgio Maggiore – Venice, Italy
• Basilica of St. Anne de Detroit – Detroit, Michigan, USA 
• St. Florian's Cathedral – Warsaw, Poland
• New Cathedral (Mariendom) – Linz, Austria
• Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral – Clermont-Ferrand, France
• St. Louis Cathedral – New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
• Le Puy Cathedral – Le Puy-en-Velay, France
• Valencia Cathedral – Valencia, Spain
• Tarragona Cathedral – Tarragona, Spain
• Siguenza Cathedral – Sigüenza, Spain
• Cathedral Basilica of the Sacred Heart – Newark, New Jersey, USA
• Málaga Cathedral – Málaga, Spain
• Saint-Pol-de-Léon Cathedral – Saint-Pol-de-Léon, France
• St. Elizabeth’s Church – Wrocław, Poland
• Quimper Cathedral (Cathedral of Saint Corentin) – Quimper, France
• Basilica of Our Lady of Scherpenheuvel – Scherpenheuvel-Zichem, Belgium
• Basilica of Saint-Urbain – Troyes, France
• Cathedral Basilica of St. John the Baptist – Savannah, Georgia, USA
• Primary Cathedral of Bogotá (Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception) – Bogotá, Colombia
• 
  Basilica of Saint Clotilde – Paris, France
  
• Basilica of Santa Maria Novella – Florence, Italy
• Brompton Oratory (Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary) – London, England
• Basilica of Notre-Dame de Délivrande – Douvres-la-Délivrande, France
• Basilica of Notre-Dame du Bon Secours – Guingamp, France
• Cefalù Cathedral – Cefalù, Sicily, Italy
• Basilica of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux – Lisieux, France
• Périgueux Cathedral (St. Front's Cathedral) – Périgueux, France
• Regensburg Cathedral (St. Peter's Cathedral) – Regensburg, Germany
• Basilica of Santa Giustina – Padua, Italy
• Wrocław Cathedral (Cathedral of St. John the Baptist) – Wrocław, Poland
• Basilica of St. Michael – Bordeaux, France
• Rotunda of Mosta (Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady) – Mosta, Malta
• Poitiers Cathedral (Saint-Pierre Cathedral) – Poitiers, France
• Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral – Montreal, Canada
• Rodez Cathedral – Rodez, France
• St. Anthony Cathedral Basilica – Beaumont, Texas, USA
• Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption – Covington, Kentucky, USA
• St. James Cathedral (Šibenik Cathedral) – Šibenik, Croatia
• Narbonne Cathedral (Cathedral of Saints Justus and Pastor) – Narbonne, France
• Saint Bavo's Cathedral – Ghent, Belgium
• Auch Cathedral (Cathedral of Saint Mary) – Auch, France
• 
  Basilica of Our Lady Immaculate – Guelph, Ontario, Canada
• Basilica of St. Nicholas – Nantes, France
• Basilica of Notre-Dame de la Garde – Marseille, France
• Ancona Cathedral (Cathedral of San Ciriaco) – Ancona, Italy
• Basilica of Notre-Dame de L'Épine – L'Épine, France
• Basilica of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari – Venice, Italy
  
• Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca – Bologna, Italy
• Cathedral Basilica of Salvador – Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
• Massa Marittima Cathedral (St. Cerbonius) – Massa Marittima, Italy
• Worms Cathedral – Worms, Germany
• Church of St. Peter – Caen, France
• Basilica of San Gaudenzio – Novara, Italy
• Tréguier Cathedral – Tréguier, France
• Basilica of San Giulio – Orta San Giulio, Italy
• Parma Cathedral – Parma, Italy
• Cathedral of Saint Domnius – Split, Croatia
• Basilica of Santa Maria in Trastevere – Rome, Italy
• Vilnius Cathedral – Vilnius, Lithuania
• Basilica of St. Josaphat – Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
• Basilica of the Sacred Heart – Notre Dame, Indiana, USA

Top 100 Catholic Churches



100. St. Patrick's Cathedral

• 
  Location: New York City, USA
  
• Construction Period: 1858-1910
  
• Dedicated to: Saint Patrick
• Architect: James Renwick Jr
• Architectural Style: Neo-gothic
• Height: 396 feet
• Famous relics: St. Patrick
• St. Francis of Assisi
• St. Rose of Lami
• Three Jesuit martyrs killed in 1649
• Famous tombs:Blessed Pierre Toussaint (former enslaved man, who helped found the cathedral)
• Historical events:
• 1861-1865: Construction halted due to the American Civil War
• 1910: Church is elevated to cathedral status
• 2008: Pope Benedict XVI celebrates mass there
• Significance: This is one of America's most iconic cathedrals built in the classical Gothic fashion with marble stone. It was commissioned to replace the Old Cathedral of St. Patrick built in the early 1800s (however that one still stands to this day). This was seen as a celebration of the Irish immigration that had boomed throughout the 1800s into New York City (as demonstrated in the film Gangs of New York). The two spires made it the tallest church in the USA for a brief time. It's upper roof is surrounded by a boundary of pinnacles. Inside the church it's high nave is astounding with it's pillar columns and ring of stained-glass windows at the upper portion. It's a refreshing reminder of the importance of the Catholic church, even in the booming business district of downtown Manhattan.

99. St. Michael's Cathedral Basilica

• 
  Location: Toronto, Canada
  
• Construction Period: 1845-1860
• Dedicated to: St. Michael the Archangel
• Architect: William Thomas
• Architectural Style: English Gothic Revival
• Height: 275 feet
• Historical events:
• 1841-Diocese of Toronto established
• 1845- Construction begins
• 1860- Tower and spires completed
• 2016- Elevated to minor basilica by Pope Francis
• Significance: It's one of the architectural landmarks of Toronto Canada, with its English Gothic Revival style. It was built by poor Irish immigrants who went thru difficult periods of famine and pandemic. The main tower and spire stand over the front entrance of the church and soar high into the sky. The inner chamber is especially large with seating for a congregation of 1600 people. Stained glass windows are located on the side walls as well as a massive window behind the front altar. The interior is a unique blend of modern lighting and color with a touch of gothic elements.

98. Basilica del Voto Nacional

• 
  Location: Quito, Ecuador
• Construction Period: 1892-1924
  
• Dedicated to: Sacred Heart of Jesus
• Architect: Emilio Tarlier
• Architectural Style: Neo-gothic
• Height: 377 feet
• Famous tombs:
• Former presidents of Ecuador
• Historical events:
• 1892-1924- Construction begins led by French architect Emilio Tarlier
• 1985- Pope John Paul II visits and blsessed the basilica
• Significance: It is the largest neo-Gothic church in South America, with a European style mixed with Ecuadoran traits. It has the usual twin towers, arches, vaults, flying buttresses, and rose and stained-glass windows. It's spire in the middle is quite distinctive with an open skeletal design. The roof is also laced with native Andean gargoyles celebrating Ecuadorian culture. The church was built as a national vow to the Catholicism dedicated to the sacred heart of Jesus. Many of the stained-glass windows celebrate Ecuadorian history as well as their religious devotion. It is considered the national pantheon of Ecuador and holds many famous Ecuadorian political leaders. According to legend the church is still unfinished, and will not be finished until the end of the world.

97. Valere Basilica

• Location: Sion, Valais, Switzerland
  
• Construction Period: 1100-1267
• Dedicated to: Our lady the Virgin Mary
• Architectural Style: Romanesque, Gothic
• Height: 2018 feet above sea level
• Historical events:
• 998- King Rudolf III of Burgundy promotes Bishop Hugo of Sion to overseer of the County of Valais (prince-bishop status)
• 1100-1267- Construction of the basilica
• 1431- Installation of famous pipe organ
• 1600-1700s- Power shifts to the Cathedral of Notre Dame of Sion
• 1987- Preserved and elevated to Minor Basilica status
• Significance: The medieval church stands tall at the top of Valere Hill amidst the majestic Bernese Alps overlooking the valley of Valais, Switzerland. Across from it is the castle of Tourbillon once a medieval stronghold. What makes this such an incredible church is not so much the fortified architecture, but rather the geographical setting of it, as it sits atop a hill (somewhat like Mont-Saint-Michael). Another claim to fame it has is having the world's oldest playable pipe organ that dates back to 1431. The church is considered one of the most famous churches in Switzerland and is truly a sight to behold.

96. Almudena Cathedral

• Location: Madrid, Spain
  
• 
  Construction Period: 1883-1993
• Dedicated to: Virgin of Almudena
• Comissioned by: King Alfonso XIII
• Architectural Style: Neoclassical, neo-Gothic, neo-Romanesque
• Height: 236 feet
• Famous relics:
• Virgin of Almudena (statue)
• Saint Isidore the Laborer devotions
• Famous tombs:
• King Alfonso XIII and his wife
• Historical events:
• 1561- Madrid becomes capital of Spain, however their archbishop is located in Toledo, and thus does not have it's own cathedral
• 1883- King Alfonso XIII commissions the new cathedral project
• 1885- Pope Leo XIII establishes the diocese of Madrid, which elevates the building to a cathedral
• 1936-1939- Spanish Civil War halts construction and damages some of the building
• 1993- Cathedral is completed and consecrated by Pope John Paul II
• Significance: This Spanish cathedral is quite different than the usual desert-brown style, and is more of a modern design with some classical elements. It was one of the last major European cities to get a cathedral, which is odd since Madrid became the capital of Spain in 1561. This cathedral is built right across the royal palace, and looks like it could be it's own palace. The base structure is a fairly plain square with some pillars at it's front, but the upper level steals the show with it's bell towers, statues, dome, and pinnacles. The interior is especially unique with it's vibrant colors throughout the walls and ceiling. This is not the usual renaissance mosaics but rather a more abstract pattern of shapes and symbols. This church is dedicated to the Virgin of Almudena who according to legend the statue was hidden during Muslim rule and rediscovered in 1083. The church also gives homage to their patron saint Isidore the Laborer, although he is buried in the Colegiata de San Isidro.

95. Santa Croce in Gerusalemme

• Location: Rome, Italy
• 
  Construction Period: 4th century (1st church); 1144-1145 (2nd church)
• Dedicated to: The Holy Cross
  
• Comissioned by: Saint Helena and Constantine
• Architectural Style: Baroque
• Height: 92 feet
• Famous relics:
• Fragments of the True Cross
• A nail from the Crucifixion
• Thorns from the Crown of Thorns
• The Titulus Crucis (inscription placed over Jesus' cross; King of the Jews)
• Historical events:
• 320-330- Saint Helena visits the Holy Land and returns to Rome with fragments of the True Cross, passion relics, and even soil from Golgotha (Jerusalem)
• 4th century- Chapel built to house these relics (within the imperial palace). Quickly became basilica
• 8th century- Church is maintained and restored as a titular church of great importance and pilgrimage
• 1144-1145- Church is rebuilt in the Romanesque style
• 15th century- Discovery of the Titulus Crucis relic within the older walls of the church
• Significance: This is another of the very historic pilgrim churches located in Rome, that celebrates the discovery of the Holy Cross. The title is actually quite deceiving because the building is not located in Jerusalem, but actually in Rome. The initial idea was to scatter dirt from Jerusalem along with the true relics of Christ's passion, to make it feel like the authentic experience. The current structure has a baroque style to it, with a white marble facade, aligned with statues of the four evangelists, Saint Helena, and Emperor Constantine. The focal point of the interior is the chapel of the relics which contains the primary relics from Jesus' crucifixion (parts of the cross, nails, thorns, and even the Titulus Crucius sign). Most of the paintings inside are from the Baroque age, however there are some fragmented mosaics from the medieval age that still remain on the walls. This is ultimately not a masterful work of architecture, yet still celebrated for it's rich history and housing of some of Christianity's most ancient holy relics.

94. Abbey of the Dormition

• Location: Jerusalem, Israel
• 
  Construction Period: 410-415 (1st basilica); 12th- 13th century (2nd basilica); 1900-1910 (3rd basilica)
• Dedicated to: Mary, mother of Jesus
  
• Commissioned by: German Kaiser Wilhelm II
• Architectural Style: Romanesque Revival
• Height: 197 feet
• Historical events:
• 4th century- Mount Zion is associated as a sacred Christian site, and the likely location of Mary's death and assumption
• 410-415- Construction of Byzantine basilica Hagia Sion (Holy Zion)
• 614- Basilica is destroyed by the Persians
• 12th century- Crusaders build a new church in the Kingdom of Jerusalem (Our Lady of Mount Zion)
• 13th century- church is destroyed by the Muslim reconquest
• 1898- German Kaiser Wilhelm II purchases the Mount Zion site from the Ottoman Empire
• 1900-1910- German Benedictine order builds an abbey and church on the site
• Significance: This is considered a very holy Christian site on Mount Zion where the Last Supper and Pentecost occurred. It is considered the birthplace of the church and thus is associated with Mother Mary (for her role in giving birth to Christ). It is more-so perceived as a symbolic location where Mary died and was carried up into heaven than the actual physical location of her final resting place. The tradition was especially made popular by the Byzantines and the Crusaders. The current basilica is the 3rd church built on the site to commemorate Mary's death and assumption into heaven. The structure itself is a fairly simple circular Romanesque church made of pale limestone. The interior is made up of stone and mosaic paintings on the wall, including one of Mary and the infant Jesus behind the front altar. This is recognized as more of a sacred site, then a great architectural achievement.

93. Bamberg Cathedral

• 
  Location: Bamberg, Bavaria, Germany
  
• Construction Period: 1007-1012 (destroyed by fire); 1081-1111 (destroyed by fire); 1200-1237 (current building).
• Commissioned by: Holy Roman Emperor Henry II and Cunigunde
• Dedicated to:
• Architectural Style: Romanesque, gothic
• Height: 266 feet
• Famous relics:
• St. Peter
• St. George
• Famous tombs:
• Saint Henry II Holy Roman Emperor
• Saint Cunigunde
• Pope Clement II
• Historical events:
• 1007- Bishopric of Bamberg is established by Henry II and Pope John XVII
• 1081- 1st church is destroyed by fire
• 1185- 2nd church is destroyed by fire
• 1200-1237- 3rd and current cathedral built
• 1499- Imperial tombs of Saint Henry II and Saint Cunigunde
• Significance: This cathedral was commissioned by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry II and his wife Cunigunde, who later became saints for their evangelization efforts. The building was build 3 times, after it was destroyed by fire twice. It has four massive towers at each corner standing tall at 266 feet with some massive statues on the exterior including the famous life-size statue known as the Bamberg Horseman. Inside it has some famous tombs include the holy emperor and his wife (with a lavish coffin), as well as Pope Clement II who was bishop of Bamberg for a while. The church was one of the most important centers during the medieval ages for the Holy Roman Empire. For this reason it is considered a UNESCO World Heritage site along with the old town of Bamberg.

92. Basilica of Saint Sernin

• 
  Location: Toulouse, France
  
• Construction Period: 1080-mid 1200s
• Dedicated to: Saint Sernin
• Architectural Style: Romanesque
• Height: 213 feet
• Famous relics:
• Relics attributed to St. James, St. Peter, and other early apostles
• Early Christian martyr relics
• Other French Saints
• Famous tombs:
• Saint Sernin (Bishop of Toulouse)
• Historical events:
• 257- Saint Sernin, bishop of Toulouse, is martyred during Roman persecutions
• 4th century- small shrine built over Saint Sernin's tomb
• 8th century- site is turned into a church and monastery as cult following grows
• 1080-1200s- Construction of current Romanesque Basilica. It becomes one of the largest churches in Europe
• 1463- Major fire destroys parts of the building
• 1526- Monastery is dissolved
• 19th century- Restoration of the building
• 1998- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Significance: It is one of the largest surviving Romanesque churches of the middle ages, that became a major pilgrimage site along the route to Santiago de Compestela. It has the Spanish desert-fortress style to it defined by it's massive bell tower with a spire. The front facade is fairly simple with a rose window and 2 doorways while the base of the structure is also quite plain almost like a giant brown warehouse. The interior is much more breathtaking with it's long nave supported by Romanesque piers and arches, almost as if you're seated in a tunnel. Behind the high altar is an ambulatory for pilgrims to visit the chapels and relics of Saint Sernin, while his tomb is down a level in the crypt. What makes this church so special is it's historical significance and collection of importance Christian relics.

91. Orleans Cathedral

• 
  Location: Orleans, France
• Construction Period: 5th century (1st basilica) 11th century (2nd basilica) 1278 (3rd basilica) 1601-1829 (4th basilica)
  
• Dedicated to: Holy Cross of Jesus
• Commissioned by: King Henry IV
• Architectural Style: Gothic
• Height: 288 feet
• Famous relics:
• Fragment of the true Holy Cross
• Famous tombs:
• Historical events:
• 375- Saint Euverte builds the first church on the site of a former Pagan temple
• 5th century- A basilica is built to replace this church
• 848- Charles the Bald is crowned king in the basilica
• 888- King Odo is crowned king in the basilica
• 989- Fire destroys the basilica
• 1000- 2nd basilica is built in Romanesque style
• 1278- 3rd basilica is commissioned to replaced the 2nd one with Gothic style
• 1429- Joan of Arc prays at the cathedral during the Seige of Orleans
• 1568- Building is destroyed during the French Wars of Religion
• 1601- King Henry IV orders the construction of a fourth Gothic basilica
• 1829- The fourth and current basilica of Orleans is completed
• 1855- It is elevated to minor basilica status
• Significance: It is one of France's most historical churches, that has been rebuilt four times. The Gothic structure has the typical two twin bell towers, with 3 rose windows, and 3 door portals. It has a massive spire at its core, and the flying buttresses to the side, very similar to Notre Dame of Paris. This one is not as overloaded with the engraving and sculptures like many other French Gothic cathedrals. The interior is noted for it's luminous stained-glass windows, many of which are dedicated to Joan of Arc. There is also a chapel and many art works dedicated to Joan of Arc. Although there are no preserved relics of Joan of Arc this is definitely considered her primary shrine.

90. Sant'Ambrogio e Carlo al Corso

• 
  Location: Rome, Italy
  
• Construction Period: 1612-1680
• Dedicated to: Saint Ambrose and Charles Borromeo
• Architectural style: High Baroque
• Height: 246 feet at top of dome
• Famous relics:
• Heart of Saint Charles Borromeo
• Historical events:
•  1471- Pope Sixtus recognizes the Lombard confraternity and grants them a national church dedicated to Saint Ambrose
• 1610-1614- Once Charles Borromeo is canonized the Lombards decide to build a new church dedicated to both Saint Ambrose and Borromeo
• 1929- Pope Pius XI declares the church as a minor basilica
• Significance: It is a minor basilica in Rome that honors the two greatest saints from Milan, Saint Ambrose and Saint Charles Borromeo. It was commissioned by the Lombards community to be their national church in Rome. Due to it's impressive construction with one of the largest domes in Rome and artistic frescos inside, it was later ascended to a minor basilica in 1929. The high ceiling fresco depicts a glorious fresco of the fallen angels, like looking up into heaven. The interior has a luxurious feel to it, with it's marble floor, arched doorways, and golden trim on the walls and ceiling. It also holds some important relics, including the heart of Saint Charles Borromeo (the rest of his body lies in Milan Cathedral).
  

89. Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral

• Location: Mexico City, Mexico
• 
  Construction Period: 1573-1813
  
• Dedicated to: Assumption of Mother Mary
• Architectural Style: Gothic, Baroque
• Height: 220 feet
• Famous relics:
• Bones of early Christian martyrs and saints
• Altar of Forgiveness
• Altar of the Kings
• Historical events:
• 1521- With the fall of Tenochtitlan under Spanish conquest, the Aztec temples are replaced with a Catholic cathedral
• 1573-1813- Construction begins slowly in phases
• 1790-1885 The Aztec sun stone was discovered and placed on the exterior of the cathedral. Many years later it was moved to a museum.
• Significance: It sits in the central plaza of Mexico city, over what once was considered the sacred grounds of the Aztec gods. This is no doubt a symbol of Spanish conquest, but also it has become the historical center of Catholicism in Mexico. It is the largest and oldest cathedral in Latin America. It has a unique blend of Spanish Gothic architecture with Mexican features of Churrigueresque (a decorative sculptural overload). The altar of the kings is it's most famous interior feature, with a monumental Churrigueresque retablo that sits behind the altar. There are 15 chapels inside celebrate various patrons and devotions. The building is currently undergoing renovations and there is concern that it is sinking due to underground lake-beds.

88. Basilica of the Annunciation

• Location: Jerusalem, Israel
  
  
• Construction Period: 330 (original shrine); 12th century (Crusader cathedral); 1730 (Franciscan church); 1969 (Current Basilica)
• Dedicated to: The site where the angel Gabriel announced the incarnation to the Virgin Mary
• Commissioned by: Saint Helena, Constantine the Great; Pope John XXIII approved the current structure
• Architect: Giovanni Muzio
• Architectural style: Italian modernist
• Height: 180 feet at the dome
• Historical events:
•  4th century- Byzantine shrine built under Constantine the Great
• 12th century- Church built by Crusaders
• 1260- Destroyed by the Arab Mamluks
• 1730- New church built by Franciscans
• 1969- Current basilica built
• Significance: This was one of several holy sites that were originally visited by Constantine's mother Saint Helena during the 300s where a church was built. This site claims to be the holy house where Mary lived and was visited by the angel Gabriel. The site was later renovated by the Crusader states during the medieval ages, the Franciscans in the 1700s, and then a modern basilica under Pope John XXIII. The most notable feature of the basilica is it's dome that is shaped like an inverted lily to represent Mary's purity. The basilica is broken up into two portions, the lower part is a grotto home of rock and stone, depicting Mary's home "where the word was made flesh". The upper portion is the main church for gatherings and liturgy surrounded by paintings of Mary (from various cultures around the world). Whether or not this is the exact location of Mary's house, it sure it seems a lot more believable then the Basilica of the Holy House in Loreto, Italy which was allegedly carried from Jerusalem to Italy by angels (it might be likely however that some of the original relics of the Holy House were brought to this location by a wealthy family known as the Angeli).

87. Basilica of Saint Sebastian

• 
  Location: Rome, Italy
• Construction Period: 858-867 (current church)
• Dedicated to: Saint Sebastian
• Commissioned by: Constantine the Great (1st church), Pope Nicholas I (2nd church)
• Architectural Style: Baroque
  
• Height: 82 feet
• Famous relics:
• Relics of St. Sebastian
• Relics of St. Peter and St. Paul
• Famous tombs:
• Saint Sebastian
• Historical events:
• 4th century- Emperor Constantine ordered the construction of the Basilica of the Apostles over catacombs honoring Saint Peter and Paul
• 350- The relics of Saint Sebastian were brought into the catacombs.
• 9th century- His medieval cult grew quickly, and the basilica was rededicated to Saint Sebastian (since Peter and Paul already had their own in Rome)
• 858-867- Church was rebuilt under Pope Nicholas I
• 13th century- The Cistercian Order becomes the custodians of the church
• 1826- Franciscan Order becomes new custodians
• Significance: It's one of the most historical churches in Rome that honors the early martyrs and is part of the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome. The church was famously built over the catacombs of Saint Sebastian (and what was once perceived to be the location of Peter and Paul). The devotion to Saint Sebastian became quite popular during the middle ages as he was considered the patron saint of archers. The church itself is fairly plain and is more-so a shrine that sits atop the ancient catacombs. It does have an impressive altarpiece, and framed ceiling depicting the famous martyrs. The altar sits directly over the tomb of Saint Sebastian which is displayed in a glass enclosure with a full sculpture of Saint Sebastian with an arrow in his stomach. It's a fairly simple building compared to most basilicas, however it beats most of them when it comes to sacred relevance.

86. St. Patrick's Purgatory

• 
  Location: Lough Derg, Ireland
  
• Construction Period: 1924-1931
• Dedicated to: Saint Patrick
• Architect: William Alphonsus Scott
• Architectural style: Romanesque Revival, Neo-Byzantine
• Height: 150 feet at top of dome
• Historical events: 
• 450-500- Saint Patrick's missionary work in Ireland where the purgatory legend begins
• 6th century- Monastery is founded on Station Island
• 1180-1497- The cave of Station Island is identified as the location of Saint Patrick's purgatory and begins mass pilgrimages to enter the cave
• 1497- Pope Alexander VI closes the cave due to cultish practices not aligned with theological doctrine
• 1780- St. Patrick's church is build on the island and modest pilgrimage resumes
• 1924-1931 The Diocese of Clogher commission a new basilica to honor the pilgrimage tradition
• Significance: It was built as a pilgrimage site on a remote island in Ireland to the legendary location of St. Patrick's purgatory. According to tradition the confessor Saint Patrick created this portal as a symbolic gesture to convince more people to convert to Christianity. All throughout the middle ages, pilgrims traveled to this cave location to feel the presence of God and St. Patrick. In 1931 a new chapel was erected at the perceived location (on Sation Island) to honor the legend but also Ireland's patron Saint Patrick. The building is rather simple, a stoned structure with a tower and a dome on top. The entire island is made up of various compounds leading up to the basilica, which almost appears to be a monastery. It is not a monastery however but more so a religious retreat for Christian pilgrims. What makes this church so unique to me is it's isolation on an island surrounded by the Irish waters.

85. Cathedral of Brasilia

• Location: Brasilia, Brazil
• 
  Construction Period: 1958-1970
  
• Dedicated to: Our Lady of Aparecida, mother Mary
• Commissioned by: President Juscelino Kubitschek
• Architect: Oscar Niemeyer
• Architectural Style: Modernist
• Height: 131 feet
• Historical events:
• 1958-1970- Project approved and constructed
• 1964- Process slows due to military dictatorship; Niemeyer is forced into exile due to communist affiliations
• 1987- Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Significance: This is an iconic modern church designed by one of the greatest Latin American architects, Oscar Neimeyer. The unique shape of 16 curved columns is intended to represent the crown of thorns worn by Jesus. The building also emphasizes illumination with it's glass exterior that a large capacity of 4000 people. There are also 3 sculptures of floating angels hanging from steel cables. Aside from this it's a fairly straight-forward concept with pews and an altar. It's one of those churches that is celebrated for its simplicity yet also a very modern innovative style.

84. Papal Basilica of Saint Lawrence (Outside the Walls)

• Location: Rome, Italy
• 
  Construction Period: 330-384 (1st building); 1216-1227 (Rebuilding)
• Dedicated to: Saint Lawrence, St. Stephen
  
• Commissioned by: Constantine the Great
• Architectural style: Romanesque
• Height: 60 feet
• Famous relics:
• Stone slab of St. Lawrence (where his body was placed)
• Famous tombs:
• St. Lawrence
• St. Stephen
• Pope Damasus II
• Pope Pius IX
• Pope Hilarius
• Pope Sixtus III
• Historical events:
•  330- Constantine commissions a church built on the tomb of Saint Lawrence.
• 366- Pope Damasus I promotes and expands the church
• 579-590- The tomb and relics of St. Stephen are relocated to the church
• 1216-1227- Pope Honorius III completely rebuilds the church
• 1943- WWII bombing followed by renovation
• Significance: Despite being somewhat dim in appearance this one has great historical value going back to 258 AD. It is the traditional site of Saint Lawrence's martyrdom, where he is buried, and has been rebuilt and renovated several times. The church is one of three papal basilicas and one of the seven pilgrimage churches of Rome. It also holds the tomb of my namesake, the first martyr St. Stephen, since both he and Lawrence were important martyrs. The term "Outside the Walls" refers to the ancient defensive Aurelian walls that surrounded Rome. The church has a notable interior of frescoes and marble floor patterns. It's front pillar design was rebuilt after Allied bombing during WWII. This is a historical gem on my bucket list.
  

83. Westminster Cathedral

• Location: London, England
  Construction Period: 1895-1903
• Dedicated to: Most Precious Blood Jesus Christ
• Architecture: John Francis Bentley
• Architectural Style: Neo-Byzantine
• Height: 284 feet
• Famous tombs:
• Saint John Southworth (one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales)
• Historical events:
• 1850- Catholic church is restored in England and Wales after nearly 300 years of Anglican repression
• 1895-1903- Construction begins however the architect John Bentley dies before completion. The church opens even though it is somewhat unfinished.
• 2000-present- Interior mosaics are still a work in progress
• Significance: This is the primary Catholic church of England and Wales that was built after the other classic giants of Westminster Abbey and Canterbury were converted to the Church of England. It has a unique Byzantine design and looks like it belongs in some desert fantasy setting. It has a massive bell tower, with a brown brick structure with white horizontal lines make for a hypnotic design. There is also a mosaic of Christ the King right above the main door, with various arches and windows in the front. The interior is somewhat unfinished with it's dark ceiling, which almost feels like looking up into a void of space. There are still however many shrines and mosaics along the wall that still create a captivating feeling. This one is particularly special for me, because I went to easter mass here with my family in 2018. The mass was celebrated by the cardinal of London with a full choral musical arrangement. Even the interior of the church is still a work in progress, this church has historical and architectural significance.

82. Cathedral of La Plata

• 
  Location: La Plata, Buenos Ares, Argentina
  
• Construction Period: 1884-1932; 1996-1999
• Dedicated to: Our Lady of Sorrows, Mother Mary
• Architect: Pedro Benoit, Ernesto Meyer
• Architectural style: Gothic revival
• Height: 367 feet
• Famous tombs:
• Dardo Rocha and his wife (founder of the city of La Plata)
• Historical events: 
• 1884- Construction begins
• 1930s- construction halted due to financial and logistical strains
• 1932- Is designated as a cathedral
• 1996-1999- Major restoration and completion of the two spires and pinnacles
• Significance: The church was built as a foundational monument in the city of La Plata, on the outskirts of Buenos Aires. The Gothic design was inspired by the Amiens and Cologne Cathedrals in Europe. The exterior of the church has a unique mix of modern but also medieval Gothic elements with it's pinnacles, spires, and flying buttresses. It stands at an impressive 367 feet, making it the tallest church in both North and South America. Even though it doesn't have any statues on the exterior facade, I find it has an aesthetical contrast in colors with the brown base and silver pinnacles. The interior is also noteworthy for it's massive capacity, with five long naves, and emphasis on natural light vs the usual darkness inside a church.
  

81. Autun Cathedral

• Location: Autun, France
• 
  Construction Period: 1120-1146
  
• Dedicated to: Saint Lazarus, Saint Lazarus of Aix
• Architectural Style: Romanesque, Gothic
• Height: 305 feet
• Famous relics:
• Saint Lazarus of Aix
• Famous tombs:
• Saint Lazarus of Aix
• Historical events:
• 970- The town of Autun acquires relics of Saint Lazarus of Aix (believed to be Saint Lazarus of Bethany)
• 1120- Church is built to house these relics and become a pilgrimage site
• 1469- Lightning strikes the bell tower and is replaced by it's massive iconic spire
• 19th century- Relics identified as Lazaros of Aix and NOT Lazarus of Bethany
• 1840- Becomes a historical monument of France
• Significance: It was believed in the middle ages that the town of Autun had acquired relics of the Saint Lazarus of Bethany whom Jesus raised from the dead. This massive cathedral was built in his honor to establish a pilgrimage site to see the relics. It was later discovered that the relics belonged to Saint Lazarus the bishop of Aix during the 5th century. Nonetheless the cathedral still stands the test of time as an impeccable work of medieval Gothic architecture. It's most striking feature is the massive central spire (305 feet) that was added later in the 15th century. The roofs have the colorful ceramic tile pattern which is seen on St. Stephens (Vienna) or St. Matthias (Budapest). One of the towers also has an astronomical clock on it's eastern facade. The interior has many famous sculptural reliefs depicting the Last Judgement and other biblical events.

80. Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula

• 
  Location: Brussels, Belgium
  
• Construction Period: 9th century (1st church); 11th century (2nd church); 1226-1519 (3rd church)
• Dedicated to: Saint Michael and Saint Gudula
• Architectural Style: Gothic, Brabantine, Baroque
• Height: 210 feet
• Famous relics:
•  Saint Gudula (part of her skull. Most other relics were destroyed by Calvinists)
• Historical events:
• 9th century- small chapel is constructed on Trerenberg hill dedicated to Saint Michael
• 11th century- chapel is replaced by a Romanesque church
• 1226- Church is rebuilt into the current Gothic style
• 1579- Protestant Calvinists sack the church and steal important relics dedicated to St. Gudula
• 1790- French Revolution loots and destroys parts of the church
• 19th century- Renovations of the church
• 1962- Church is elevated to cathedral status
• Significance: This is the national church of Belgium, built in the iconic Gothic style (although more heavily on the Dutch Brabantine style vs then the French style). I was also fortunate to see this cathedral in 2017 when I visited Brussels. I remember it was perched high on a hill overlooking a plaza and really had a commanding appeal to it. The inside was even more impressive with it's sculptures of the 12 apostles, shrines, pulpit, and stained-glass windows. The church is also unique for being dedicated to two saints, St. Michael the Archangel and St. Gudula (a local Belgian saint always depicted with a lantern to keep the demons at bay).

79. Church of the Visitation

• Location: Jerusalem, Israel
• 
  Construction Period: 4th century (1st church); 12th century (2nd church); 1955 (3rd church)
• Dedicated to: Visitation of the Virgin Mary
  
• Commissioned by: Saint Helena (identified the site)
• Architect: Antonio Barluzzi
• Architectural Style: Neo-Byzantine
• Height: 80 feet
• Historical events:
• 4th century- Saint Helena visits many of the sacred sites in the Holy Land, and commissions a church on this location to honor Mary's visit of Elizabeth
• 614- Church is destroyed by Persian invasions
• 12th century- Crusaders built a new church on the location
• 14th-15th century- church falls into ruins during Ottoman conquest
• 1955- New current church is built
• Significance: This was the acclaimed site of the famous gospel story where the pregnant Mary goes to visit her cousin Elizabeth (who is also miracoulusly pregnant with John the Baptist). It is here where Elizabeth welcomes Mary with the famous line, "Blessed are thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb" Mary stays here for a few weeks with Elizabeth and Zachariah before she returns to Joseph in Nazareth. While the holy site was likely identified by Saint Helena's first pilgrimage to the Holy Land, this church is not quite accredited to her the way her other big three are; the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, the Church of the Nativity, and Church of the Ascension. The modern version is a fairly simple structure with a notable mosaic on it's front wall depicting Mary on donkey accompanied by the angels. The building layout has two churches, an upper main basilica and a lower crypt. Inside the main church there is another large mosaic of Mother Mary behind the high altar as wall as other paintings on the wall depicting the saints. This church is considered a basilica more-so for it's sacredness rather than it's architectural genius.

78. Basilica of Santa Croce

• 
  Location: Florence, Italy
  
• Construction Period: 1294-1385
• Dedicated to: The Holy Cross
• Architect: Arnolfo di Cambio
• Architectural Style: Gothic, Renaissance, Gothic Revival
• Height: 256 feet
• Famous tombs:
• Michelangelo
• Galileo Galilei
• Niccolo Machiavelli
• Gioachino Rossini
• Ugo Foscolo
• Historical events:
• 1210-1294- First Franciscans arrive in Florence, establishing an oratroy
• 1294-1385 Construction begins on new chuch as birthplace of Renaissance art
• 1320-1335- The Giotto Frescoes are painted by Giotto di Bondone
• 1564- Michaelangelo is buried first in basilica establishing the church as a national pantheon
• 1966- Flood of the Arno damages chuch. Begins restoration phase
• Significance: Established by Franciscans, this church is a fairly simple design with it's iconic Florentine white facade with a cross held by two angels at the apex. Behind the facade is a somewhat plain brown brick structure with a bell tower. Attached to the basilica is a Franciscan convent with cloisters and the Pazzi Chapel. The true claim to fame of this church, however, is the interior, that is like a museum of Renaissance fresco art from wall-to-ceiling. The church is considered the birthplace of Renaissance art, for it's notable Giotto Frescoes painted in 1320s. It has a golden high altar with images of Mary and the Doctors of the Church, as well stained-glass windows depicting the saints. The other major claim-to-fame of the basilica is the famous Italian tombs which makes this more than a church but also a national pantheon.

77. Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi

• Location: Assisi, Italy
  Construction Period:
• Dedicated to: Saint Francis of Assisi
• Architectural Style: Romanesque, Italian Gothic
• Height: 194 feet
• Famous relics:
• Relics of Saint Francis of Assisi
• Fragments of the True Cross
• Relics of other saints
• Famous tombs:
• Saint Francis of Assisi
• His closes friars
• Historical events:
• 1226- Saint Francis of Assisi dies and is quickly canonized two years later
• 1230-1253- Construction of basilica begins at the site of his tomb
• 1260s- Major fresco art is painted throughout the building
• 1754- Elevated to papal minor basilica
• 1965- Major restoration
• 1997- Major earthquake causes damage which leads to further restoration efforts
• 2000- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Significance: This has become the headquarters of the Franciscan Order and the basilica serves as the central part of the monastic complex. This is one of those churches where the geography make it's all the more impressive (like Los Lajas or Mont-Saint-Michel). It's perched up on a hill overlooking a vast green valley. The upper basilica sits atop the monastic complex surrounded by various other buildings, columns, and walls. The interior is the real appeal to this basilica, that is considered an art museum of medieval frescoes. It's main fresco is the Giotto depicting 28 scenes from St. Francis' life. There are also many other frescoes depicting the crucifixion, evangelists, and biblical scenes from the Old and New Testament. Of course it's main claim to fame however is housing the tomb of the great Saint Francis of Assisi, which is located in the underground crypt. This is one of the most important medieval saints, and for that reason it has become a popular pilgrimage site.

76. Cathedral of Our Lady

• Location: Antwerp, Belgium
• 
  Construction Period: 1275-1521
  
• Dedicated to: Our Lady the Virgin Mary
• Architect: Jan and Pieter Appelmans
• Architectural Style: Gothic
• Height: 390 feet
• Famous relics:
• Many relics lost during the Beeldenstrom (Iconclastic Fury) of 1566
• Famous tombs:
• Charlotte de Bourbon-Montpensier (wife of William of Orange)
• Bishops of Antwerp
• Historical events:
• 1275-1521 Construction begins thru various phases
• 1533- Major fire devastates large parts of the cathedral
• 1559- Church is elevated to cathedral status
• 1610-1640- Peter Paul Ruebens creates famous altarpieces
• 1999- Cathedral is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Significance: It's a great work of Gothic architecture, where its most iconic feature is its massive belfry tower that stands at an impressive 390 feet tall (the tallest church in Belgium). It has several pinnacles attached to it with a golden clock on each side. This tower is quite unique because it was meant to be the typical front twin towers, however due to the fire of 1533 they just built the one. On the opposite side is a spired tower, that although is asymmetrical still offers a unique aesthetic. The interior is just as famous as the exterior for it's famous artwork by Dutch painter, Peter Paul Ruebens. This includes the paintings of The Raising of the Cross, the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, the Descent from the Cross, and the Resurrection of Christ. It also has several impressive stained-glass windows and an iconic carillon keyboard that plays 49 bells from outside. It is one of Antwerp's most iconic landmarks and the belfry tower alone was dedicated the honor of UNESCO World Heritage Site.

75. Temple Expiatori del Sagrat Cor

• Location: Barcelona, Spain
• 
  Construction Period: 1902-1961
  
• Dedicated to: Sacred Heart of Jesus
• Architect: Enric Sagnier
• Architectural style: Neo Gothic
• Height: 1,703 feet (including elevation of Mount Tibidabo and top of the Jesus statue)
• Historical events:
• 1936-1939- Original statue of Jesus was destroyed during the Spanish Civil War
• 1950- New statue of Christ by Josep Miret placed at the top of the tower
• 1961- Pope John XXIII declares the church a minor basilica
• Significance: This impressive basilica sits on the summit of Mount Tibidabo on the outskirts of Barcelona, Spain. It has a statue of Christ standing at the top of the spire with his arms outstretched (somewhat like Christ the Redeemer). The style is very reminiscent of the Sagrada Familia and some of Gaudi's famous work in Barcelona. It has two levels, a lower church and crypt, and an upper basilica. The bottom represents earth, the upper church represents redemption, and the statue of Christ represents salvation. There is one central spire that holds Jesus and four towers with the twelve apostles sitting atop. The way it is pearched atop a mountain makes this a very impressive site similiar to Sacre-Coer in Paris.

74. Basilica of Saint Louis

• Location: Saint Louis, USA
• 
  Construction Period: 1907-1914
  
• Dedicated to:
• Architectural Style: Neo-Byzantine, neo-Romanesque
• Height: 227 feet
• Famous tombs:
• Archbishops of St. Louis
• Historical events:
• 1770-1831- Old Basilica of St. Louis is built (first cathedral west of the Mississippi River)
• 1907-1914- Newer and much larger cathedral is built in the Byzantine style
• 1912-1988- Great Mosaic covering 65,000 square feet of wall and ceiling
• 1997- Pope John Paul II elevates to basilica status
• Significance: Hard to think a church from St. Louis, Missouri would make this list, but I find this one to be incredible on the inside and outside. It's considered one of the first major Byzantine churches in America, a refreshing break from the Neo-Gothic designs. It has a grey brick exterior with the front two bell towers, a central window, and a primary dome (similar layout as Saint Mary Minnesota or St. Stephen's Budapest). The layered stone exterior has a much more authentic and almost vintage look to it, even though it is still fairly modern. The interior is just as impressive with an abundance of mosaic paintings spanning 65,000 square feet throughout the church. There is really no church in America that has this much art painting inside their walls. The mosaics depict early Christian saints, biblical events, eastern orthodox saints, American saints, St. Louis and American history, and the iconic image of Christ the Pantocrator in the dome.

73. St. Mary's Cathedral

• 
  Location: Sydney, Australia
• Construction Period: 1821-1865 (1st cathedral); 1868-1928 (2nd cathedral)
• Dedicated to: Immaculate Mary
  
• Architect: William Wardell
• Architectural Style: English Gothic
• Height: 245 feet
• Famous relics:
• Saint Francis Xavier (1st class part of his body)
• Famous tombs:
• Famous Australian cardinals and bishops in the crypt
• Historical events:
• 1821- Australia's first major cathedral is built
• 1865- Fire destroys the cathedral
• 1868-1928- 2nd cathedral is built to replace it
• 1932- Church elevated to basilica status
• Significance: This was Australia's first cathedral and thus holds major historical relevance for their nation. After the first cathedral was destroyed by fire the second one was designed by one of Australia's most famous architects William Wardell. The architecture of the church has English Gothic elements, with spires, pinnacles, and several elaborate window designs (not so much sculpted detail on the facade). The inner nave is high and long with massive stone columns and arches. Stained glass is the primary illumination with incredible iconography depicting biblical scenes (most notably the chancel window behind the front high altar). The crypt beneath the church is also an incredible sight with it's decorated marble floor, thick columns, and tombs of past bishops.

72. Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers

• 
  Location: Bad Staffelstein, Germany
  
• Construction Period: 1743-1772
• Dedicated to: Fourteen Holy Helpers
• Architect: Balthasar Neumann
• Architectural Style: Baroque, Rococo
• Height: 246 feet
• Historical events:
• 1445-1446- Three reported apparitions near the Cistercian monastery
• 1448- First chapel is built at the site dedicated to the Fourteen Holy Helpers
• 1525- Chapel destroyed during the German Peasants War
• 1543-1618- Gothic church replaces the shrine
• 1618-1648- Church is destroyed during the Thirty Years War
• 1743-1772- The Abbot of Langheim appoint the leading German architect to build the church, Balthasar Neumann
• 1897- Church is elevated to basilica status
• Significance: Also known as Vierzehneiligen it is built in the countryside of central Germany overlooking the Benedictine abbey Schloss Banz. The exact site was chosen due to legends of apparitions from the Fourteen Holy Helpers. The exterior is rather plain, defined by it's two front towers and statues at it's apex of Christ, Saint Peter, Saint Paul, Faith, and Charity. It's true claim to fame is the baroque interior, often referred to as God's ballroom, which looks like a museum of sculptures and paintings. The high altar (known as the Mercy Altar) is adorned with intricate statues of the Fourteen Helpers, who were very popular patron saints during the middle ages and the Black Death. The ceiling is also laced with heavenly colors, clouds, saints, and angels. It is truly the epitome of Baroque artwork. The church is considered one of the most important German pilgrimage sites, bringing in half-a-million visitors a year.

71. St. Johns Cathedral

• 
  Location: Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
  Construction Period: 1220-1530; 1860-1939 (restoration); 1949-present (restoration)
• Dedicated to: Saint John the Evangelist
  
• Architectural Style: Brabantine Gothic
• Height: 239 feet
• Famous relics:
• The Sweet mother of Den Bosch (14th century statue of Mother Mary)
• Holy Sacramental Chapel
• Historical events:
• 1366- Became a collegiate church
• 1559- Elevated to cathedral status
• 1629- The Catholic church was transferred to the Dutch Reformation Church
• 1810- With the support of Napoleon the church was returned to Catholic denomination
• Significance: It has to be one of the most underrated cathedrals in the world, perhaps often overlooked since Netherlands is mostly a Protestant county. This is a true work of Gothic art, with a very elaborate structure of flying buttresses. It is also laced with intricate sculptures and pinnacles that could rival some of France's finest cathedrals. The interior has a good balance of lighting, color, and gothic designs. It is without question the greatest church in the Netherlands and serves as a symbol of Catholic survival in this Protestant region.

70. Jaen Cathedral

• Location: Jaen, Spain
• 
  Construction Period: 1200s (1st Mosque); 1368-1500 (2nd church); 1551-1724 (3rd current church)
• Dedicated to: The Assumption of the Virgin Mary
  
• Architect: Andres de Vandelvira
• Architectural Style: Renaissance, Baroque, neoclassical
• Height: 200 feet
• Famous relics:
• The Hoy Face (Considered to be Veronica's Veil)
• Historical events:
• 1200s- Great Mosque of Jaen built during Islamic rule as part of al-Andalus
• 1246- King Ferdinand III of Castille conquers Jaen and claims the mosque as a Catholic church
• 1368-1500s- Mosque is destroyed and rebuilt with a Gothic style
• 1551-1724- Construction of new Renaissance cathedral
• 1755- Lisbon Earthquake destroys parts of the cathedral
• 2012- UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Significance: This one has quite the history, originally being a Mosque temple and being rebuilt two more times after. It has the typical Spanish desert-fortress fashion with two twin towers at it's front aligned with statues of the apostles and saints on the upper balcony. An additional church was attached to the structure after the Lisbon earthquake of 1755, known as the Chuch of the Sagrario. The interior has an impressive choral chamber, with a massive lantern ceiling help up by stone columns. The cathedral claims to have one of Christianity's most holy relics, Veronica's Veil however St. Peter's basilica has a far more convincing one.

69. Basilica of Saint Anne-de-Beaupre

• 
  Location: Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupre, Quebec, Canada
  
• Construction Period: 1876-1922 (destroyed by fire); 1922-1946 (current building)
• Dedicated to: Saint Anne mother of Mary
• Architectural Style: Norman gothic, Romanesque revival
• Height: 299 feet
• Famous relics:
• Finger bone of Saint Anne
• Historical events:
• 1658- First shrine built and dedicated to Saint Anne in New France (Canada)
• 1670- Relic of Saint Anne's fingerbone brought from France
• 1876- First major basilica is built dedicated to Saint Anne as the patron saint of Quebec
• 1887- Pope Leo XIII elevates the church to a minor basilica
• 1922- First basilica destroyed by fire
• 1926-1944- Second and current basilica rebuilt
• Significance: This is another great modern gem in Canada providing a unique blend of classic Gothic style with a modern revival touch. It's a clean looking cathedral with it's sharp front 2 towers and a golden statue of Saint Anne standing at the niche. There is also a notable fountain with Anne holding the infant Mary that sits in the front plaza. The interior is just as poignant with it's Art Deco style. Once again this seems to mix new features with the classic vintage features of the old gothic churches. The nave ceiling is the highlight for me, full of symbols and icons on a white backdrop. It's a minimalist approach to the colors just of white and brown, but it works and makes this church so unique. The mosaics and stained glass windows offer more color giving the church it's vintage quality. It's a popular work of modern Canadian architecture that receives close to a million visitors a year.

68. Basilica of Saint-Denis

• Location: Paris, France
• Construction Period: 1135-1144
• 
  Dedicated to: Saint Denis
  
• Architectural Style: Gothic
• Height: 282 feet
• Famous relics:
• Relics of Saint Denis
• Relics of Saint Rusticus, Saint Eleutherius, and other martyr saints
• Famous tombs:
• Saint Denis
• King Dagobert (7 th century king)
• Hugh Capet (first French king, 987)
• King Louis VI
• King Louis VII
• King Saint Louis IX
• Historical events:
• 250- Saint Denis, first bishop of Paris, is martyred. His tomb quickly becomes a popular pilgrimage site
• 8th century- First basilica is built on the site of his tomb
• 1135-1144- Current church is built in Gothic style
• 1790- Building is damaged and looted during the French Revolution
• 19th century- Building is restored and preserved
• Significance: This church plays an important role in the history of architecture, as it is considered the birth of the Gothic style. It introduced new building designs of pointed arches, rib vaults, and more glass windows to provide natural light. It's front white facade is fairly reserved compared to the other Gothic churches it later influenced such as Notre Dame and Chartres. However it still has the standard Gothic format of the 3 door portals, central rose window, and flying buttresses along the flanks. This is also one of the first examples of the ambulatory walkway behind the altar, with many notable chapels and famous tombs. The church ultimately gives homage to Saint Denis, who became very famous during the middle ages as one of the fourteen holy helpers (according to legend he walked for a bit with his head). It was also the historical location where Clovis, King of the Franks, converted to Christianity. It also holds the tombs of many famous French kings, most notably King Saint Louis IX. Saint Denis is considered the first church to use sculpted engravings on important tombs.

67. Palma Cathedral

• 
  Location: Palma, Mallorca, Spain
  
• Construction Period: 1229-1601
• Dedicated to: Virgin Mary
• Architectural Style: Gothic
• Height: 144 feet
• Famous tombs:
• King James of Mallorca (1311)
• King Hames III of Mallorca (1349)
• Historical events:
• 1229- King James of Aragon conquers Mallorca and vowed to build a cathedral to Virgin Mary
• 1230-1601- Gothic Construction begins
• 1851- Major earthquake causes structural damage
• 1903-1914- Antonio Gaudi was commissioned to renovate and modernize the cathedral
• Significance: Another monster Gothic cathedral with the distinctive Spanish desert-like exterior, flying buttresses, and pinnacles. Once again it looks like something out of King's Landing or some Game of Thrones setting. It has the eighth highest nave in the world with a jaw-dropping view inside. Massive stone columns, ribbed vaults, and a large rose window behind the altar referred to as the Gothic Eye. Another of the distinctive Gaudi features is the floating baldachin canopy above the altar, decorated with hanging lamps and motifs. It's truly a sight to behold, where the interior is as magical as the exterior. It's Holy Trinity Chapel contains the tombs of King James II James III of Mallorca. There are also many chapels and altars along the flanks of the main nave.
  

66. Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fatima

• 
  Location: Fatima, Portugal
• Construction Period: 1928-1953
  
• Dedicated to: Our Lady Fatima
• Architectural Style: Basilica of Our Lady (Neoclassical, neo-Baroque); Basilica of the Holy Trinity (Modern minimalist)
• Height: 213 feet (Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary
• Famous tombs:
• 3 Child Visionaries (Saint Francisco Marto, Saint Jacinta Marto, Sister Lucia dos Santos
• Historical events:
• 1916- Apparitions of the Angel of Peace
• 1917- Apparitions of the Virgin Mary, and dancing sun
• 1919-1921- Chapel of the Apparitions built
• 1930- Catholic church investigates accepts the Apparitions as worthy of belief
• 1928-1953- Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary is built
• 2007- Basilica of the Holy Trinity
• Significance: After the miracle apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Fatima, the site quickly became a popular pilgrimage site. The church launched it's own investigation to the story (including the miracle of the sun) and confirmed that the story was worthy of belief. This is a pilgrimage-complex similar to the ones of Lourdes and Guadalupe which has multiple churches, monuments, and open plazas. The original cathedral is the Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary which is built like a giant temple standing tall over a flight of stairs. With it's tall white tower and crown of Mary, it is the centerpiece of the sanctuary as it overlooks the plaza. Inside the church is the three tombs of the visionaries who saw the apparitions. The basilica is attached to a colonnade walkway that encircles the plaza. The newer Holy Trinity basilica was built to hold larger congregations (up to 8000 people, making it one of the largest by capacity in the world). The most important part of the sanctuary is the Chapel of the Apparitions which marks the exact geographical location where the miracle apparitions occurred with a simple statue of the Lady of Fatima. The attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II was considered a prophecy from the Virgin of Fatima and this event is also recognized at the sanctuary.

65. Basilica of Saint Mary the Great

• Location: Rome, Italy
• 
  Construction Period: 432-440; 1740s (renovations)
• Dedicated to: Mary (1st Marian devoted church)
  
• Architectural Style: Romanesque, Baroque
• Height: 246 feet
• Famous relics:
• The Holy Crib
• Relics of Saint Jerome
• Saulus Populi Romani (famous icon of Saint Mary with her child)
• Famous tombs:
• Pope Honorius III (1227; one of the first popes to be buried here)
• Gian Lorenzo Bernini (one of the greatest Baroque artists)
• Pope Nicholas IV (1292)
• Pope Sixtus V (1590)
• Pope Clement VIII (1605)
• Pope Francis (2025)
• Historical events:
• 352-358- First church is built on the Esquiline Hill in Rome where a miraculous snowfall occurred during summertime.
• 431- Council of Ephesus declares Mary as the Theotokos (Mother of God)
• 432-440- Construction of current basilica
• 7th century- Relic of the Holy Crib brought form Jerusalem
• 1348- Earthquake damages part of the basilica
• 1740s- major renovations under Pope Benedict XIV
• Significance: This is a very important historical church considered the first proper Marian devotion shrine. It is also a papal basilica and one of the seven Pilgram churches of Rome. It is also one of the oldest standing churches in Rome, with some of the oldest mosaics still in place. The front facade has a Roman style to it, with arched columns, windows, and a massive bell tower. Along the front balcony are 5 statues, Mary at the Apex surrounded by the four most important early Doctors of the church (St. Jerome, St. Ambrose, St. Augustine, St. Gregory. The interior is especially jaw-dropping with it's columns, marble floor, and well preserved mosaics from the 5th century, most notably the large apse behind the altar of the Coronation of the Virgin. The ceiling is also quite the sight with it's coffered golden frames (said to have early gold brought from the Americas). Beneath the altar is it's most famous relic of the Holy Crib making this one of the holiest churches in Christendom.

64. Laon Cathedral

• 
  Location: Laon, France
  
• Construction Period: 7 th century (1st church); 1052-1071 (2nd church); 1155-1235
• Dedicated to: Virgin Mary
• Architectural Style: Gothic
• Height: 184 feet
• Historical events:
• 7th century- Carolingian Cathedral is built to honor the city's important role in Charlemagne's empire
• 1052-1071- New Romanesque cathedral is built to replace it
• 1112- Communal Revolt kills the bishop and damages much of the cathedral
• 1155-1235- New cathedral is built in Gothic fashion
• 1692- Earthquake damages the spires. Further renovation
• 1793- French Revolution dismantles much of the church relics and sculptures
• 1840- Declared a French monument
• 1914-1918- Is not damaged during WWI occupation
• Significance: It was one of the earliest cathedrals to establish that iconic French Gothic facade of the twin towers, rose window, and three door portals. The twin bell towers are a little more unique then the others since they have an open design with sixteen full size oxen statues. These rare statues represent their role in helping haul the material to build the church, their symbolic sacrificial role in the bible, and to distinguish the community of Laon. A statue of the Virgin Mary stands front and center between the two towers, holding her infant Jesus, and flanked by two angels. There are also two more towers along the transept as well as one at the central crossing. Inside the church is an impressive high nave with four levels and an abundance of light (especially for an early Gothic cathedral which often emphasized darkness). The stained-glass windows inside offer a bright colorful contrast as they depict scenes from the lives of Mary, Jesus, the Twelve Apostles, and Saint Stephen.

63. Saint Stephen's Basilica

• Location: Budapest, Hungary
• 
  Construction Period: 1851-1906
  
• Dedicated to: Saint King Stephen of Hungary
• Commissioned by: Simon Sinas
• Architectural Style: Neoclassical
• Height: 315 feet at top of dome
• Famous relics:
• The Holy Right hand of St. King Stephen of Hungary
• Historical events:
• 1851- Construction begins.
• 1868- Dome collapses during construction, forcing almost a complete restart
• 1931- Elevated to minor basilica by Pope Pius XI
• 1944-1945- Heavily damaged during WWII, but also used as a bomb shelter
• 1950- Housed Hungary's most precious relic, The Holy Right
• Significance: It is the largest and most iconic church in Hungary celebrating their patron saint King Stephen of Hungary. It has the Greek classical style to it, with pillars, 2 bell towers, and a massive dome in the middle (a much smaller version of St. Paul's Cathedral). It's also very similar to the Esztergom Basilica, another major Hungarian Catholic church. The exterior of the church is quite impressive like something you would see in Athens or Washington DC, but it's the interior that really makes it stand out. It's like walking into a luxurious museum of gold, red, and rich marble stone. Looking up into the dome ceiling is the true wonder as it displays a mosaic of God the father surrounded by the angels and saints. There is also many other frescoes throughout the walls depicting Hungary's history and their key saints such as St. Stephen, St. Emeric, and St. Ladislaus. One of the centerpieces is the Holy right hand of St. Stephen. It is considered part of Budapest's historical UNESCO world heritage sites.

62. Basilica of Our Lady of Lichen

• 
  Location: Lichen Stary, Poland
  
• Construction Period: 1993-2004
• Dedicated to: Our Lady of Sorrows, Queen of Poland, mother Mary
• Architectural Style: Postmodern, neo-classical
• Height: 464 feet
• Famous relics:
• Painted icon of Our Lady of Sorrows
• Historical events:
• 1813-1844- Our Lady of Sorrows appears to a Polish soldier, Tomasz Klossowski and requests he find her image and publically display it
• 1852- The image is displayed in a forest, and causes many miracles when prayed upon. Most notably during the Cholera Epidemic.
• 1993- As devotions and pilgrimages continue to grow, the decision is made to construct a modern basilica
• 2004- Pope John Pail II designates the church as a minor basilica
• Significance: This church honors the Marian devotion of Our Lady of Sorrows, Queen of Poland. According to legend during the Napoleonic Wars a Polish soldier prays to mother Mary, who later appears to him with a white eagle, and saves him from death. He is instructed to find and display her holy image, which he finally does after many years of searching. The image becomes an important pilgrimage site, causing miracles when prayed (most notably during the Cholera Epidemic). The basilica is later erected in 1993 near the site of the original apparition and devotion shrine. It is a very unique church with a modern neo-classical look to it, almost like a government palace. It has notable angelic statues along the front roof, as well as a statue of Mary at it's center. The bell towers is one of the tallest church towers in the world. The interior is quite bright and luminous unlike most cathedrals, with a central emphasis of the image of Our Lady of Sorrows. It's pipe organ is also a notable feature, one of the largest organs in the world. The sheer scale, modernist design, and important pilgrimage site makes this a world-famous church.

61. Church of All Nations

• 
  Location: Mount of Olives, Jerusalem, Israel
  
• Construction Period: 4th century (1st church); 12th century (2nd church); 1922-1924 (3rd church)
• Dedicated to: Agony of Jesus Christ
• Architect: Antonio Barluzzi
• Architectural Style: Neo-Byzantine, neo-classical
• Famous relics:
• Rock of Agony (bedrock where Jesus prayed before his arrest)
• Historical events:
• 4th century- 1st Byzantine basilica built on site
• 746- Church destroyed by earthquake
• 12th century- 2nd church constructed by the Crusaders' Kingdom of Jerusalem
• 1345- Church was abandoned due to Muslim reconquest
• 1922-1924- Third and current church is built and is immediately elevated to minor basilica status
• Significance: It is one of many holy sites in Jerusalem, pertaining to the life of Jesus Christ. This one is located near the Garden of Gethsemane where Jesus prayed before he was arrested. Three churches have been built on this site, the most recent current basilica in 1924. The construction is fairly simple blending Romanesque, classical, and Byzantine styles. It has four column support beams with statues of the four evangelists sitting atop them. A large mosaic is painting on the facade depicting Christ as the bridge between God and man. There are 12 small domes on the roof that represent the 12 apostles. Inside the church is especially dark by design, with a ceiling of blue sky and golden stars. In front of the main altar is the a slab of stone where Jesus is believed to have prayed in Gethsemane. It is referred to as the church of all nations since many nations contributed to it's funding.

60. Amiens Cathedral

• Location: Amiens, France
• Construction Period: 1220-1270
• 
  Dedicated to: Our Lady the Virgin Mary
• Architect: Robert of Luzarches
• Architectural style: French Gothic
• Height: 370 ft at it's spire
• Famous relics:
• Head of St. John the Baptist (The original was brought from Constantinople in 1206, however was lost during the French Revolution. The current one is a replica.
• Relics of Saint Firmin
• Famous tombs:
• Tomb of Saint Firmin
• Tomb of Bishop Evrard de Fouilloy (commissioned the cathedral)
• Many bishops of Aimens
• Historical events:
• 1385- Royal marriage of King Charles VI of France and Isabeau of Bavaria
• 1793- Converted to a Temple of Reason during the French Revolution (many relics/statues were lost during this period)
• 1849-1874- Restoration period
• 1914- Severely damaged during WWI
• 1940-1944- Several damaged during WWII
• 1981- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Significance: This French gothic cathedral is quite impressive on the exterior and interior (very similar design to Notre Dame Paris). It has a lighter toned color with incredible intricacy and detail in it's front facade. The front facade has the iconic two bell towers, with the rose glassed window in the middle, a line of sculpture kings, 3 door portals, aligned with sculptures of the apostles. It has the flying buttress to the sides and an impressive spire at it's top. The interior is just as impressive with it's high ceilings, pillars, choral chamber, alter, pulpit, labyrinth style floor, and impressive stained glass windows. This is a true gem of European gothic architecture.

59. Orvieto Cathedral

• 
  Location: Orvieto, Italy
  
• Construction Period: 1290-1591
• Dedicated to: The Assumption of the Virgin Mary
• Architectural Style: Italian Gothic
• Height: 174 feet
• Famous relics:
• Bolsena Corporal (Blood-stained cloth from the eucharist)
• Saint Pietro Parenzo relics
• Famous tombs:
• Saint Pietro Parenzo (Martyr assassinated in Orvieto by Cathar heretics)
• Historical events:
• 1263- Miracle of Bolsena (The Eucharist began to bleed during mass)
• 1290- The church authenticates the miracle and Pope Nicholas IV calls for the foundation of a cathedral in Orvieto
• 1591- Cathedral is completed thru various waves
• Significance: This is a popular pilgrimage church in Orvieto Cathedral made famous by a medieval miracle where the Eucharist was seen to bleed. This miracle is preserved with a relic of a cloth that received the blood during the event. The Gothic facade is almost identical to the Basilica of the Holy Cross in Florence. It also has the Italian trademark striped-lines outside and inside (as seen on the Genoa and Siena Cathedrals). I find it really resembles the Basilica of the Holy Cross. It also however has some distinctive mosaics on the front facade displaying events from Mary's life, as well as statues of the apostles, evangelists, saints, and angels. The interior nave, columns, and arches continue with the line pattern and colorful mosaics. The main feature of the cathedral of course is the Bolsena Corporal, the blood stained cloth, that is displayed in the Chapel of the Corporal. The church also hosts the tomb of Saint Peitro Parenzo, who was martyred in Ovieto (1199) while fighting against the heresy of Cathars. Both relics make this is a very popular pilgrimage destination.

58. Avila Cathedral

• 
  Location: Avila, Spain
  
• Construction Period: 1170-1340; 15th-17th century
• Ecclesiastic Status: Cathedral (Bishop of Avila)
• Dedicated to: Salvator Mundi (Christ as savior o the world)
• Architectural Style: Spanish Gothic
• Height: 92 feet
• Famous tombs:
• Alonso de Madrigal (El Tostado)- famed bishop and theologian of Avila
• Historical events:
• 12th century- Reconquesta of Spain. Building began as a fortress-cathedral
• 1520s- Was the headquarters of the Comuneros Spanish revolt against the Spanish Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
• 1985- Declared a UNESO heritage sight along with the city of Avila
• Significance: This cathedral has the distinctive Spanish qualities of the desert brown color and fortress style. It almost looks like it belongs in the city of Kings Landing in Game of Thrones. The church was built during the Reconquesta when the Spanish reclaimed their territory from Muslim occupancy. This was an ambitious project to restore Catholicism as the main religion in Spain. This is one of the most fortified churches in the world that was built to defend sieges while still celebrating mass. Inside the cathedral are notable features such as the high altarpiece of Vasco de la Zarza, Spanish Renaissance paintings, and the tomb of El Tostado (famed theologian from Avila). It was declared a UNESCO heritage site along with the city of Avila in 1985.

57. Basilica of Our Lady of Peace

• 
  Location: Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast
  
• Construction Period: 1985-1990
• Dedicated to: Our Lady of Peace, Mother Mary
• Commissioned by: President Felix Houphouet-Boigny
• Architect: Pierre Fakhoury
• Architectural style: Renaissance revival, Baroque Revival
• Height: 518 feet at the top of cross
• Historical events:
•  1985-1989- Construction
• 1990- Consecrated as a basilica by Pope John Paul II
• 2015- Hospital built near the church
• Significance: It's good to see some non-European entrees in this list, especially coming from Africa. While Africa was late to the Christian wave (19th-20th century), they actually have some very devout regions throughout their continent making up 20% of the Catholic global population. This cathedral in the Ivory Coast is the crown jewel of Catholic churches in Africa. It's a modern design of St. Peter's basilica with a massive dome in the middle, four smaller domes, with a plaza, and a ring of column pillars. The inner chamber is also a unique circular congregation around the altar vs the typical nave formation. The church was a very ambitious project for the Ivory Coast, costing nearly 600 million, despite economic woes for their economy. It however broke the record for the largest church in the world by area (not by height). It was consecrated as a basilica in 1990 by Pope John Paul II

56. Esztergom Basilica

• 
  Location: Esztergom, Hungary
• Construction Period: 1822-1869    
  
• Dedicated to: Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, St. Adalbert
• Architectural Style: Neoclassical
• Height: 328 feet
• Famous tombs:
• Cardinals and bishops
• Historical events:
• 960-970- First Hungarian church built on this site by Prince Geza
• 1001-1010- King Stephen of Hungary built the first Catholic cathedral of Hungary on this location.
• 1180- Original cathedral destroyed by fire and later rebuilt
• 1543- The cathedral was conquered by the Ottomans
• 1822-1869- Current structure was rebuilt
• 1944-1945- Suffered heavy bombardment during WWII but was later restored
• Significance: This is considered the mother church of Hungary and is a very similiar design to St. Stephen's Basilica in Budapest. The top point of this dome is slightly higher then the dome of St. Stephens Basilica. The location of this basilica is quite unique on the castle hill of Esztergom. This current basilica is the seventh church to have stood on this location. The interior of this church is just as impressive as St. Stephens with it's dome and frescoes covering the ceiling. It's classical style reigns supreme throughout the church with it's marble pillars and paintings across the wall. The altarpiece of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary by Michelangelo Grigoletti is the largest in the world. The Bakocz Chapel is the crowning jewel, a fully preserved Renaissance work that was dismantled and reassembled in this church. Although it's quite similar to St. Stephen's since it came before and it it slightly larger I'm going to include it I included it a little higher on the ranking since it came before and is a larger church.

55. Basilica dei Santi Giovanni e Paolo

• 
  Location: Venice, Italy
• Construction Period: 1250-1338
  
• Dedicated to: Saints John and Paul
• Commissioned by: Dominican Order
• Architectural Style: Venetian Gothic
• Height: 106 feet
• Famous relics:
• Saint Catherine of Siena relics
• Famous tombs:
• 25 Doges of Venice
• Historical events:
• 1230-1234- Dominican order established a headquarters in Venice
• 1246- First church is built
• 1333- Second church is built
• 16th century- Many artistic renaissance works are added to the interior of the church
• 19th century- The basilica becomes a parish church with preservation campaigns
• Significance: Commissioned as the seat of Dominican Power this basilica rivals San Marco in sheer scale and historical significance. The exterior is fairly plain, like a giant warehouse, defined with a dome, bell tower, and 3 spires at it's front. It's true claim to fame is the incredible Renaissance art inside which includes paintings from Giovanni Bellini and sculptures from Alessandro Vittoria. It also houses many tombs of notable Venetian patrons and political leaders; 25 in total. The tombs are displayed with great sculpted detail making this interior almost like a mausoleum. It is referred to as the pantheon of Venice, celebrating local and political leaders. Outside the church is the famous equestrian status of Bartolomeo Colleoni ( a famous Venetian military leader). It should also be noted that this church is not dedicated to the famous John the Evangelist and Paul the apostle. It is dedicated to the martyrs John and Paul who were Roman soldiers both executed during the 4th century for their Christian faith.

54. Salamanca Cathedral

• 
  Location: Salamanca, Spain
• Construction Period: old cathedral 1236; new cathedral (1513-1733)
• Dedicated to: Assumption of the Virgin Mary
• Commissioned by: Ferdinand V of Castile
• Architectural Style: Gothic, Platersque, Baroque, Romanesque
• Height: 125 feet (old cathedral), 300 feet (new cathedral)
• Famous tombs:
• Medieval bishops of Salamanca
• Historical events:
• 1100-1120- Diocese of Salamanca is restored after the Reconquista
• 1120-1250- 1st cathedral is built
• 1513-1733- 2nd cathedral is built
• 1755- Lisbon earthquake causes damage to cathedral
• 1988- Entire cathedral complex is dedicated as a UNESCO World Heritage site
• Significance: The old cathedral was built first in 1236 in the typical desert-style Spanish fashion. It's key exterior feature is it's crossing tower laced with scales, water spouts, and a restore on top. The notable features of it's interiors are the frescoes, chapels, and sculpted wall tombs. In 1513 the new cathedral was built to replace the old one, however it was later decided that they would preserve and unite the two cathedrals. The new cathedral kept the same Gothic desert-like structure with scale features, bristly pinnacles, two domes, and a massive bell tower. Upon it's completion it became one of the largest and tallest churches in Spain. The inner nave is mesmerizing with it's massive vertical height, ribbed vaults, and stone columns. The church is also notable for it's choir stall and it's many shrines, chapels, and altars along the sides which include tombs and devotional artwork. Both cathedrals were recognized in 1988 as a UNESCO World Heritage site along with Old town of Salamanca.  

53. Manila Cathedral

• 
  Location: Manila, Philippines
  
• Construction Period: 1954-1958 (8th church)
• Dedicated to: The Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary
• Architectural Style: Neo-Romanesque
• Height: 180 feet
• Famous relics:
• Fragment of the True Cross
• Relic of St. John Paul II
• Relic of Pope John XXIII
• Relic of Pope Paul VI
• Famous tombs:
• Cardinals and bishops of Manila
• Historical events:
• 1571- 1st church built after Philippines welcome Spanish missionaries
• 1954- The current (8th) cathedral is built to replace the previous 7
• 1981- Elevated to Minor Basilica by Pope John Paul II
• Significance: There has been no cathedral built more times than in Manila, an astonishing 8 times. The previous churches were destroyed by fires, earthquakes, and WWII bombing during the Battle of Manila. The current building is built in the western Romanesque fashion with some unique eastern features. The front facade has 3 very deep portals and are adorned by four large statues on the main level depicting St. James the Greater, St. Andrew the Apostle, St. Francis Xavier, and St. Polycarp. On the upper level there are statues of St. Rose of Lima and St. Anthony the Great, with a cross held by two angels at the apex. There is central dome, and a bell tower with a smaller dome. The interior has a much more modern feel to it, with a smooth marble floor, and an illuminated aura with 130 stained glass windows. The high altar is the centerpiece with an impressive statue of Mary as the Immaculate Conception. It also holds one of the largest pipe organs in Southeastern Asia with 70 stops and 4 keyboards. It also houses several relics, making it an important pilgrimage stop. It's without question the most famous Catholic church in Asia.

52. Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception

• 
  Location: Washington DC, USA
  
• Construction Period: 1920-1927 (1st phase); 1959 (2nd phase)
• Dedicated to:
• Architectural Style: Byzantine revival, Romanesque Revival
• Height: 329 feet
• Famous tombs:
• Thomas J Shahan (Founder of the Basilica)
• Historical events:
• 1913- Vatican approves national shrine to the Virgin Mary in Washington DC
• 1920-1927- Construction on the lower church
• 1959- Construction on the upper church
• 1990- Pope John Paul II elevates it to minor basilica
• 2017- Completion of the Trinity Dome Mosaic
• Significance: It is the largest Catholic church in the United States, and rightfully so that it should be located in our nation's capital. It has an original design with thick masonry walls, a large arched entrance portal, a massive tower, and a distinctive colorful dome painted in the Byzantine fashion. Inside is just as amazing as the outside with a large collection of mosaic art painted on the domes, walls, and ceilings. The Trinity Dome is made of Venetian glass and depicts the Holy Trinity, the Immaculate Conception, and American saints. Behind the altar is an enormous mosaic of Christ in the Byzantine Pantokrator fashion (Christ in Majesty). There are also over 80 chapels throughout the church from different cultures showing devotion to Mary. It is without question the most impressive American church.

51. Basilica of San Vitale

• Location: Ravenna, Italy
• 
  Construction Period: 527-547
  
• Dedicated to: Saint Vitalis
• Architectural Style: Byzantine
• Height: 98 feet
• Historical events:
• 522-526- Under Ostrogothic rule, King Theodric began plans to build a Christian church
• 540- After the death of King Theodric the Byzantines recapture the city of Ravenna, and the construction continues
• 547- Basilica is completed as an official Byzantine imperial church
• 751- Ravenna falls to the Lombards, yet the church survives without any damage
• 18 th century- Preservation efforts begin
• 1996- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Significance: When Ravenna was briefly the capital of the Byzantine Empire (from 571 to 751) this church served as it's Catholic center. Unlike the western Gothic format of the twin towers, this one is an octagonal plan with layered levels. Inside is a series of arches, columns, and artwork in the Byzantine fashion. It's true claim to fame however is the mosaics inside which reflect the reign of Justinian. These paintings represent the imperial throne's acceptance of Christianity as the one true faith. It also has a unique early iconography of Christ appearing young and without a beard. This church is considered one of the most important early Catholic churches and was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

50. Burgos Cathedral

• 
  Location: Burgos, Spain
  
• Construction Period: 1221-1260
• Dedicated to: Virgin Mary
• Commissioned by: Saint King Ferdinand III of Castile
• Architectural style: Gothic
• Height: 289 feet
• Famous tombs:
• El Cid and his wife
• King John II of Castile
• Queen Isabella of Portugal
• Historical events: 
• 1221- Construction begins
• 15th century- Major additions to the church including the front spires
• 1497- Royal wedding between Prince John of Spain and Margaret of Austria
• 1921- El Cid buried in the church
• 1984- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Significance: This iconic Spanish gothic cathedral was built in various phases throughout the middle ages and into the Renaissance. The core structure was commissioned by Saint King Ferdinand III, however after 50 years the building progress hit a hiatus due to financial strains. The building resumed in the 1440s when the iconic front spires were built with their open skeletal design and flamboyant details. The church has a brownish desert quality to it with dozens of bristly pinnacles almost like a forest sitting atop a church. At the center of the church is a star-vaulted window that brings light down with heavenly illumination. The front altarpiece inside the church steals the show with it's golden frame of statues, representing a theological ladder with the crucified Christ at the top.

49. Marseille Cathedral

• Location: Marseille, France
• 
  Construction Period: 12th century (1st cathedral); 1852-1893 (2nd cathedral)
• Dedicated to: Virgin Mary
• Commissioned by: Napoleon III
  
• Architectural Style: Romano-Byzantine Revival
• Height: 230 feet
• Famous tombs:
• Saint Eugene de Mazenod (Founder of Oblates of Mary Immaculate)
• Historical events:
• 12th century- A new cathedral known as the Old Major is built in the Romanesque style
• 18th century- the church is severely damaged during the French Revolution
• 1852-1893- Old cathedral is demolished and new one is built
• 1897- Cathedral is elevated to minor basilica status
• Significance: It's defining exterior feature is more Italian then French using the striped horizontal lines similar to Siena, Pisa, or Orvieto Cathedral. There are two bell towers at the front with five domes at the roof. It is quite limited in typical French gothic engravings, however does have 7 prominent statues above the door portal depicting Jesus and the apostles. The interior looks like a Christmas museum with it's red-and-white stripes, and golden mosaics. There is monumental canopy that hangs over the high altar as well as prominent sculptures of the evangelists, Christ, and St. Veronica. It is an unusual French cathedral from it's usual Gothic style, demonstrating Napoleon III's era.

48. Las Lajas Sanctuary

• Location: Ipiales, Narino, Colombua
• 
  Construction Period: 1916-1949
  
• Dedicated to: Our Lady of Lajas (Virgin Mary and child)
• Architectural Style: Neo-gothic
• Height: 330 feet (above river)
• Famous relics:
• Rock wall of the canyon where image of Mary appeared
• Historical events:
• 1754- Apparition of Mother Mary with her infant Jesus
• 1756-1764- Small shrine built on the site of the apparition
• 1800s- Large bridge was built to carry pilgrims across the canyon
• 1916-1949- Neo-Gothic Basilica built
• 1954- Declared a minor basilica
• 1984- Declared a national monument of Colombia
• Significance: This is one of those very unique fairy-tale castles that sits high up in a mountain gorge, attached with to a bridge. The unique location is considered a holy site, where Mother Mary appeared with her baby Jesus as an image on the mountain. After numerous miracles associated to this image and location a basilica was built. It's has a modern Gothic design to it, with it's bright white trim and gray base. It has 3 spires, with multiple pinnacles, the rose window, and the flying buttress as supports. The bridge itself is an impressive work of architecture, adorned with statues of angels. The inside has a high nave of golden ribbed vaults, with accented-columns, stained windows, and chandeliers. On the front wall behind the altar is the rock of the canyon with an image of Mary and her child. It's such an amazing church not only for its pilgrimage but also the sheer architecture of it all. I would consider as a monumental landmark of Colombia (alongside Guatape).

47. Matthias Church

• 
  Location: Budapest, Hungary
  
• Construction Period: 1015 (1st church), 1255-1490 (2nd church)
• Dedicated to: Virgin Mary
• Comissioned by: King Stephen of Hungary, King Bela IV, King Matthias Corvinus
• Architectural Style: Gothic, neo-gothic
• Height: 262 feet
• Famous tombs:
• King Bela III and his wife
• Historical events:
• 1015- Saint King Stephen of Hungary establishes the first church on this site
• 1241-1242- Church is destroyed by Mongol invasion
• 1255-1269- King Bela IV has new current church rebuilt
• 1458-1490- King Matthias is married here and expands church (it is named after him)
• 1541-1686- Budapest falls to Ottoman Empire (church is converted to Mosque)
• 1686- Marian Miracle of Buda- Wall in the church collapsed revealing hidden statue of Virgin Mary. Church is recaptured by Catholics
• 1873-1896- Major renovations on church
• 1987- Became a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with the Buda Castle Quarter
• Significance: Not a church or basilica but I love the architecture on this one, most notably it's colorful tiled roof. It's a similar roofing style as St. Stephen's cathedral with orange geometric patterns known as Polychrome Zsolnay. This church has the Gothic structure to back it up, quite unique from western structures. It is asymmetrical with it's massive Matthias tower at the front, a spire in the middle, as well as a rose window, and one giant door portal. The chapel of Loreto and the pulpit are some of it's more famous interior features. The church has major historical relevance hosting two coronations ( Charles I and Franz Joseph) as well considered the site of a miracle when the statue of Mary was uncovered within it's walls. Oddly enough however the statues was not preserved as a relic, nonetheless this is still an amazing church worthy of the UNESCO Heritage Site.

46. Segovia Cathedral

• Location: Segovia, Spain
  
  
• Construction Period: 1525-1768
• Dedicated to: Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Saint Fructus
• Architectural Style: Spanish Gothic
• Height: 289 feet
• Famous relics:
• Saint Fructus
• Historical events:
• 7th century- Segovia emerges as a Christian stronghold led by their local Saint Fructus
• 12th century- 1 st cathedral of Segovia built
• 1520- Revolt of the Cumuneros destroys old cathedral
• 1985- Becomes a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Significance: This is another trademark Spanish monumental cathedral with it's distinctive desert-color trait. Once again that massive tower looks like it inspired the main castle of Kings Landing in Game of Thrones. Built during the Revolt of the Cumuneros it is referred to as the Lady of Cathedrals and is considered Spain's last great gothic cathedral. On the exterior it looks like it could be a fortress or castle, with one massive tower, a dome, and several pinnacles. The inside is even more surreal with it's high nave of sandstone columns and a beautiful pattern design on it's ceiling. There are numerous artworks of altarpieces, chapels, stained-glass windows, choir-stalls, and paintings. The cathedral is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with the old town of Segovia.

45. Basilica of John Lateran

• 
  Location: Rome, Italy
  
• Construction Period: 4th century-16th century; 16th century-1735 (current building)
• Dedicated to: Christ the Savior, John the Baptist, John the Evangelist
• Commissioned by: Constantine the Great
• Architectural Style: Baroque, Neoclassical
• Height: 148 feet
• Famous relics:
• Skull of St. Peter
• Skull of St. Paul
• Many other relics of saints, martyrs, popes, and bishops
• Famous tombs:
• Pope Martin V
• Pope Leo IX
• Pope Sergius IV
• Historical events:
• 313-318: Constantine legalizes Christianity in Rome and donates the Lateran palace grounds to the Catholic church
• 410- Sack of Rome damages church
• 455- Vandal Sack ruins church
• 10th- 13th century- Major renovations and site of the Latern Councils
• 14th century- Church suffers more devastation due to fires and poor management
• 18th century- Renovation with Baroque elements
• Significance: This is one of the most historic cathedrals in Rome next to St. Peter's Basilica. It is papal major basilica, referred to as the "Mother and Head of all Churches" since it is the official catholic church of the Bishop of Rome. The church has undergone much renovation since it's first stone was laid in the 4th century. It hosted several key church counsels during the 1100-1200s (most notably the Fourth Lateran Counsel of 1215). By the 1400s the church lost it's front role due to the Avignon Papacy and later the emergence of St. Peter's Basilica. However it still to this day remains one of the most historic Catholic churches, and is one of the Seven Pilgrimage churches of Rome. The architecture is a classical structure, with it's iconic 15 statues standing at the roof with Jesus at the helm (similar to St. Peter's Basilica). The interior is filled with historical gems, mosaics, marble floor, shrines, and altarpieces. This church holds both historical and architectural importance.

44. Boudreaux Cathedral

• 
  Location: Bordeaux, France
  
• Construction Period: 814 (1st church); 1096 (2nd church); 1280-16 th century (3rd church)
• Dedicated to: Saint Andrew
• Architectural Style: Gothic, Romanesque
• Height: 266 feet
• Historical events:
• 814- 1st cathedral during the Carolinian Empire
• 9th century- Destroyed by Viking raids
• 1096- 2nd cathedral built in Romanesque style
• 1137- Eleanor of Aquitaine marries King Louis VII of France inside the cathedral
• 1280-1330- Cathedral is completely rebuilt in Gothic fashion
• 1337-1453- Hundred Years delays construction progress
• 1615- King Louis XIII of France marries Anne of Austria in the cathedral
• 1789-1799- Church is stripped of treasures during French Revolution
• 1862- Church is identified as a national monument of France
• 1998- Church is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Significance: This one has the iconic French Gothic style however the layout is quite unique. Instead of the 3-door front facade, this one is more lateral oriented where the front door is aligned with the supporting transepts. While it has the two front towers, the back facade is much closer to the front facade with it's definitive 2 spires. From afar it looks as if the spires are shooting from the same front facade, but they are actually located on the backside (or vice-versa which over way you are looking). The interior is just as impressive with a high nave and more open space than most Gothic cathedrals. It also has some incredible stained-glass windows, a massive grand organ, and some chapels dedicated to the annunciation, Saint Anne, Charles Borromeo, and Saint Joan of Arc. This one has a rich history of two major royal marriages that altered European history; Eleanor of Aquitaine and Louis VII of France in 1137 and Louis XIII of France and Anne of Austria in 1615.

43. Wawel Cathedral

• 
  Location: Krakow, Poland
  
• Construction Period: 1000-1142 (destroyed by raids); 1142-1305 (destroyed by fire); 1320-1365 (current building)
• Dedicated to: Saint Stainslaus, Saint Wenceslaus
• Architectural Style: Romanesque, Gothic, neoclassical, baroque, renaissance
• Height: 230 feet
• Famous relics:
• Saint Stainslaus
• Famous tombs:
• King Casimir III the Great
• King Wladyslaw Jagiello
• King Sigismud the Old
• King John III Sobieski
• Tadeusz Kosciuszko (national hero)
• Jozef Pilsudski (founder of modern Poland)    
• Historical events:
• 1000- First Poland Christian cathedral is built under Duke Mieszko
• 1038- Destroyed by Czech pagan raids
• 1142- Second Cathedral built
• 1305- Destroyed by fire
• 1320- Third and current cathedral built
• 1320- Wladyslaw I becomes first king crowned at cathedral
• 1386- Wladyslaw II coronation marks the beginning of Polish-Lithuanian union
• 1734- Augustus III becomes last coronation
• 1946-1958- Pope John Paul II is ordained bishop of Wawel before becoming pope
• 1978- Becomes a UNESCO heritage site the same year Pope John Paul becomes pope
• Significance: This is the one of the more unique European cathederals that is actually a part of the castle complex. It has a variation of almost every major architectural style from Romanequse, Gothic, neoclassical, baroque, and renaissance. It is a colorful structure with 3 towers, the iconic Sigismund Bell, and several domes (the golden dome especially sticks out). This is considered the heart of Catholic Poland, and hosted many coronations during the Middle Ages. It has many notable tombs and relics of former kings, queens, and national heroes. One of it's modern claims to fame is that it was the church where Pope John Paul II served as bishop before becoming pope in 1978. One of the most notable features of Wawel is it's ring of 19 chapels dedicated to various devotions and Catholic orders. Due to it's impressive architecture and historical significance it was made a UNESCO heritage site along with the old town of Krakow.

42. The Pantheon

• 
  Location: Rome, Italy
  
• Construction Period: 25-27 BC (destroyed by fire); 118-128 (present building)
• Dedicated to: St Mary and the martyrs
• Commissioned by: Marcus Vispsanius Agrippa (Roman general and statesman); Emperor Hadrian
• Architectural style: Roman
• Height: 190 feet
• Famous relics: 
• Icon of the Madonna and Child
• Relics of unnamed martyrs
• Famous tombs:
• Raphael (Renaissance painter)
• Victor Emmanuel II (first king of Italy)
• Umberto I (second king of Italy)
• Historical events:
•  80- Destroyed by fire
• 118-128- Rebuilt under Emperor Hadrian
• 609- Converted to a Christian church
• 15th century- famous tombs installed in the catacombs (including Raphael)
• Significance: Originally built as a Roman temple to honor the gods, it was converted in 609 AD by Pope Boniface IV. It is considered one of the oldest functioning Catholic Churches still in existence (even older then the Trier Cathedral and Lateran Basilica). It is defined by the classic Roman pillars at it's front and a massive rotunda dome at it's central core. There is a central oculus opening at the time that brings in light as if it were coming down from heaven. Inside looks like a museum of marble floors, columns, pillars, and shrines. I was lucky to have visited this place with my brother in 2017 and was quite impressed at the antiquity of it. Even though I see it more as an ancient Roman-wonder instead of a church, it is still officially recognized as a basilica and thus belongs on this list.

41. Barcelona Cathedral

• 
  Location: Barcelona, Spain
  
• Construction Period: 1298-1913
• Dedicated to: Saint Helena, the Holy Cross, Saint Eulalia of Barcelona,
• Architectural Style: Catalan Gothic, Gothic revival
• Height: 230 feet
• Famous relics:
• Saint Eulalia
• Famous tombs:
• Saint Eulalia
• Saint Raymond of Penyafort
• Historical events:
• 1298-1448- Main construction phase with it's iconic geese cloister
• 1519- Emperor Charles V organizes the first Order of the Golden Fleee meeting at the church
• 1882-1913- Front facade remains unfinished for 500 years, until this second major construction phase.
• 1910- Installation of massive Saint Helena statue at the apex
• Significance: Not to be confused with the Sagrada Familia, this one came long before as the primary Gothic cathedral of Barcelona. It's defining feature is it's bristly spires and pinnacles, with Saint Helena standing at the top spire with the Holy Cross. The front facade is reminiscent of the French Gothic cathedrals with busy reliefs, sculptures, and a front door portal. The church is built with local Spanish stone, and has many unique gargoyles, monsters, and animals that serve as waterspouts. The interior chamber is a sight to behold with it's mass stone columns and high nave. The cathedral also has unique features including the crypt of Saint Eulalia, the choral chamber, and a courtyard cloister of 13 live geese which represent Saint Eulalia's young age of 13 when she was martyred. The church is also considered the headquarters for the Order of the Golden Fleece (one of the most prestigious chivalry orders in Europe). This church was once the pride of joy of Barcelona, however that attention has no shifted to the Sagrada Familia. Nonetheless this is still considered the seat of the bishop in Barcelona.

40. Genoa Cathedral

• 
  Location: Genoa, Italy
  
• Construction Period: 1098-1110 (original structure); 17th century (various additions)
• Dedicated to: Saint Lawrence
• Architectural Style: Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance
• Height: 197 feet
• Famous relics:
• Relic of St. John the Baptist
• Wood fragments of the True Cross
• The Sacro Catino (Holy Grail legend)
• Famous tombs:
• Famous cardinals, bishops, and nobles of Genoa
• Historical events:
• 1098- Crusaders bring relics of the Holy Grail and St. John the Baptist to Genoa
• 1098-1110- Major rebuilding of old church begins in Romanesque style
• 1220-1240- Renovated to Gothic style
• 1307-1312- Fire damages front facade and is rebuilt
• 17th century- Final renovations marks completion of current church
• 1941- Hit during WWII by a shell that miraculously did not explode
• Significance: This one has that distinctive white base with black stripped lines like a zebra, similar to the Siena and Marseille Cathedrals. It has gone thru major waves of expansion and renovation implementing a variety of Romanesque, Gothic, and Renaissance styles. Inside the nave continues with the black-line pattern on the walls along with Romanesque columns and arches, beautiful frescoes, all leading up to a beautiful golden altar and apse. The Chapel of St. John the Baptist is the most popular attraction, along with many other side chapels on both sides of the aisles. Below the main level of the church is a treasury museum that contains more relics and medieval artifacts (this also displays the WWII shell that hit the church but did not explode). The church also famously claims to have the true Holy Grail, of course this is a disputed claim and there are multiple candidates such as Valencia Cathedral.

39. Leon Cathedral

• 
  Location: Leon, Spain
  
• Construction Period: 916 (1st cathedral); 1060-1073 (2nd cathedral); 1205-1302 (3rd cathedral)
• Dedicated to: Saint Mary, mother of Jesus
  
• Architectural Style: Gothic
• Height: 223 feet
• Famous relics:
• Relics of Saint Forilan
• Famous tombs:
• King Ordono II of Leon
• Bishops and nobles of Leon
• Historical events:
• 916- First cathedral is built by King Ordono II
• 1060-1073- 2nd Romanesque Cathedral is built
• 1205- 3rd current Gothic cathedral is built
• 19th century- Massive restoration
• 1844- Becomes first national monument of Spain
• Significance: This cathedral is a great fusion of Spanish flamboyant desert-style with French Gothic style. It is referred to as the Pulchra Leonina "Beautiful Leonese" and is a stop along the Camino de Santiago (Pilgrimage Route to Saint James that finishes at the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. It has the French features of the three door portals, central rose window, and flying buttress supports however it also has some unique Spanish features. The front two towers are separated from the main nave and supported by flying buttresses which is quite different. It is also heavy on flamboyant spires which for me is the defining Spanish style. It has one of the largest collections of stained-glass windows with 130 windows and 3 large rose windows (some of which are from the 13th century) giving it the nickname of House of Light.

38. Church of Our Lady, Bruges

• 
  Location: Bruges, Belgium
  
• Construction Period: 1210-1230
• Dedicated to: Our Lady of Bruges, mother Mary
• Architectural Style: Gothic
• Height: 401 feet
• Famous relics:
• Statue of Madonna and Child by Michelangelo
• Famous tombs:
• Mary of Burgundy (1482; one of the most powerful women in Europe)
• Charles the Bold (1477; Duke of Burgundy)
• Historical events:
• 1210-1239- Construction of present church begins first in Romanesque style
• 14th century- Transition to Gothic. Tallest brick tower in the world (401 feet)
• 1482- Mary of Burgundy and her father Charles the Bold are buried in the church
• 1504- Michelangelo's Madonna and the Child gets added
• 1794- Napoleon takes Michelangelo's status to France. But is later returned after the war in 1815
• 1944- Statue is once again stolen by the Nazis, and once again returned after the war
• 2000- Becomes a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with Old Town Bruges
• Significance: I was fortunate to see this church from afar when I visited Belgium in 2017. I remember how prominent that tower was long the riverside. Unfortunately we went straight to the main plaza where we saw the second tallest medieval tower in the city (The Belfry of Bruges) and did not get a chance to enter the church. Along with it's massive tower it also has a distinctive central section that is connected with flying buttresses.    It's claim to fame is the Renaissance artwork most notably the statue of Madonna and Child by Michelangelo (1504) which has been stolen several times but returned to the church. It also holds the tombs of some very famous Burgundian leaders including Mary of Burgundy and her father Charles the Bold. Surprisingly this beautiful and historic church is not a cathedral which goes to St. Salvator's Cathedral in Bruges.

37. Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua

• 
  Location: Padua, Veneto, Italy
  
• Construction Period: 1232-1310
• Dedicated to: Saint Anthony of Padua
• Commissioned by: The Franciscan Order
• Architectural style: Medieval romanesque, gothic, Byzantine
• Height: 180 feet
• Famous relics:
• Tongue of Saint Anthony
• Famous tombs:
• Saint Anthony of Padua
• Historical events: 
• 1231- Death of Saint Anthony in Padua
• 1232-1310- Construction of the basilica
• 1263- Discovery of Saint Anthony's incorrupt tongue
• 2021- Declared a UNESCO heritage site
• Significance: The appeal to this cathedral for me is it's domes that somewhat represent eastern Turkish cathedrals or the multiple domes of St. Mark's Basilica. I think that contrast of dome and spires really work well together in some of Istanbul's most famous mosques. This church serves as an important Franciscan pilgrimage site, since Anthony of Padua was a Franciscan himself. Inside the church there are many great works of art by Donatello and other Renaissance painters. The high altar of Donatello is considered among the greatest altars in all churches with it's marble base and impeccable detail of bronze statues and reliefs. Although it does not have the title of Cathedral, it is considered the pride of the city of Padua, referred to as il Santo.

36. Notre-Dame Basilica

• 
  Location: Montreal, Canada
  
• Construction Period: 1823-1865
• Dedicated to: Our lady mother Mary
• Commissioned by: Sulpician Order
• Architect: James O'Donnell
• Architectural Style: Gothic Revival
• Height: 200 feet
• Famous tombs:
• James O'Donnell (chief architect)
• Historical events:
• 1657- Sulpician Order established it's foothold on ecclesiastic affairs in Montreal
• 1672- First Notre-Dame church is built
• 1823- Old church is replaced with a much more ambitious project meant to be a basilica
• 1830- Chief architect dies and is buried in the church
• 1891- Famous pipe organ is installed
• 1978- Fire damages the Sacred Heart Chapel
• 1982- Elevated to Minor Basilica
• Significance: This is one of the most amazing Catholic churches in Canada, arguably all of North America. Commissioned by the Sulpician Order it became the largest church when it was completed in 1829. It's chief architect James O'Donnell famously converted from Protestantism to Catholicism on his deathbed so that he could be buried in the basilica. The exterior is fairly straight forward the most notable feature being the 3 facade statues of St. Joseph, mother Mary, and Saint John the Baptist. It's true claim to fame is it's theatrical interior, that looks like a grand modern opera theater. The top ceiling is colored in a deep blue with golden stars, surrounded by elaborate wooden ribbons and patterns. The front altarpiece is elevated like a stage, surrounded by elaborate patterns and sculptures of the crucifixion and the twelve apostles. The lighting inside is often colored and illuminated to really give it a modern theater feel. Another iconic feature is the massive pipe organ, one of the largest organs in North America. Despite it's fairly modern history, the church is one of the most visited monuments in North America attracting 11 million visitors a year.

35. Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida

• 
  Location: Aparecida, Brazil
  
• Construction Period: Old basilica (1834-1888); new basilica (1955-1980)
• Dedicated to: Our Lady of Aparecida, mother Mary
• Architectural Style: Romanesque revival
• Height: 358 feet
• Famous relics:
• Statue of Our Lady of Aparecida
• Historical events:
• 1717- Discovery of the statue in Paraiba River
• 1734- First small chapel built dedicated Our Lady of Immaculate Conception
• 1834- Old Basilica constructed honoring the Marian shrine
• 1904- The papacy recognizes the statue as a holy relic
• 1930- Our Lady of Aparecida becomes the patroness of Brazil
• 2016- Basilica is raised the Cathedral status
• Significance: It is the second largest church in the world after St. Peter's Basilica, dedicated to Our Lady of Aparecida. According to legend a clay statue of Mary was discovered by three fishermen, who later begun to catch an abundance of fish. The fishermen shared this miracle with the public and the devotion quickly spread throughout Brazil, where many miracles continued due to praying to this statue. The first basilica was built in 1834, however a much larger and more modern one was built nearby in 1955. The new basilica looks like a giant shopping mall or indoor amusement park. It does however have the iconic church features of a central dome and a massive clock tower. The interior is very spacious and is heavily illuminated, with colorful wall paintings of trees and nature. The central element is the altar that displays the tiny clay statue of Our Lady of Aparecida. This relic alone brings in approximately 10 to 12 million pilgrims a year, which is why the church was built to hold 300,000 people (including the exterior area).

34. Strasbourg Cathedral

• Location: Strasbourg, France
• 
  Construction Period: 1015-1439
  
• Dedicated to: Our Lady mother Mary
• Architectural Style: Gothic, Romanesque
• Height: 466 feet (tallest building in world from 1647-1874)
• Famous tombs:
• Bishops of Strasbourg
• Historical events:
• 1015- First church is built with Romanesque style
• 1176- Fire destroys majority of church
• 1190-1250- Church is renovated with a newer gothic style
• 1439- Massive spire is completed
• 1525- The cathedral becomes a Protestant church
• 1681- Returns to Catholicism
• 1793- Briefly turned into a Temple of Reason during the French Revolution
• 1870- Church is damaged due to Franco-Prussian War
• 1939-1945- Church is damaged during WWII
• 1988- Church is declared a UNESCO site with Old Strasbourg (Grand Ile)
• Significance: Here is another incredible French gothic church built during the middle ages with very elaborate detail. It stood as the tallest building in the world for over 200 years from 1647-1874 with it's massive tower reaching 466 feet high. It was later surpassed by the St. Nicholas Church of Hamburg. Today the Strasbourg Cathedral still stands as the sixth tallest church in the world. This one is a little different then most French gothic churches in that it has one tower, and not two towers at it's facade (the 2nd tower was planned but never built). It does however have the typical 3 portals, with the carved sculptures, rose window, and the flying buttress at it's flank. The interior is just as impressive with an unreal height to it's nave, stained glass windows along the sides, a finely carved pulpit, and it's iconic astronomical clock. This clock was put in place in 1574 and is a mechanical wonder for it's time as it puts apostles and planets in motion. Despite it's monumental structure, surprisingly the cathedral does not have any significant relics or tombs. However it is still considered a complete historical work of medieval Gothic art.

33. Siena Cathedral

• 
  Location: Sienna, Tuscany, Italy
• Construction Period: 1196-1348
  
• Dedicated to: Assumption of the Virgin Mary
• Architectural Style: Gothic, Romansque, Classical
• Height: 253 feet
• Famous relics: 
• Relics of St. John the Baptist (the right arm)
• Saint Catherine of Siena (Her severed head and ribs)
• Saint Ansansus
• Saint Victor and other local saints
• Famous tombs:
• Cardinals, bishops, and nobles of Siena
• Historical events:
• 1215- Cathedral is built over a pagan site, reflecting Siena's booming economy and Christian influence
• 1348- Black Death kills half of Siena's population and halts production
• 15th century- Additions of renaissance art
• 1995- UNESCO World Heritage site
• Significance: Here's one with a unique style defined by it's horizontal black line pattern, intricate front design, massive tower, and dome. The front facade is bathed with sculptural detail, 3 entrance portals, a massive round window, and 3 paintings depicting Mary's life. The interior is just as awe-inspiring with so much artwork on display. The columns continue with the black line pattern, while the ceiling has a majestic navy blue and star pattern. The marble floor and central pulpit are other defining features of this church that looks like something out of a magical fantasy movie. The cathedral had intended to compete with Florence to become the largest cathedral of it's time, however production was halted due to the Black Death.

32. Toledo Cathedral

• 
  Location: Toledo, Spain
  
• Construction Period: 1226-1493
• Dedicated to: Assumption of the Virgin Mary
• Architectural Style: Gothic
• Height: 302 feet
• Famous relics:
• The Great Monstrance
• Relics of Saint Ursula
• Fragment of the True Cross
• Famous tombs:
• Alfonso VII (Holy Roman Emperor 1126-1157)
• Sancho III (King of Castile 1157-1158)
• Sancho IV (King of Castile 1284-1295)
• Other kings, royals, and nobles
• Cardinals and bishops
• Historical events:
• 8th century- Muslims conquer Spain and build a mosque to replace the Visigoth Christian church
• 1085- King Alfonso VI of Castile recaptures Toledo from the Muslims and converts the main Mosque to a Christian cathedral
• 1226-1493- Current Gothic cathedral is built under King Ferdinand III
• 1986- Becomes UNESCO World Heritage Site with the City of Toledo
• Significance: This is another distinctive Spanish desert-style pinnacle heavy Gothic cathedral. It's front facade has a unique asymmetrical look to it, with a massive tower on one side and a dome tower on the other. The 3 door portals are heavy with the sculpted reliefs, taking inspiration from the French Gothic style. Inside are five parallel naves that offer a much wider space then most cathedrals. The walls and ceilings are like a museum of Renaissance and Baroque frescoes and sculptures (with notable paintings by El Greco, Velazquez, and Goya). El Greco's painting of The Disrobing of Christ is considered the gem located in the sacristy. The wooden stalls of the choir are considered one of the best in the world with their richly engraved detail. The high altarpiece is a massive golden wall of Gothic art depicting biblical scenes. Another famous relic inside is the Great Monstrance which was created in 1515 out of gold and very intricate detail. There are many chapels inside, which includes a chapel dedicated to the king burials (most notably the tomb of Holy Roman Emperor Alfonso VII).

31. Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes

• 
  Location: Lourdes, France
  
• Construction Period: 1865-1876 (1st Basilica); 1883-1902 (2nd basilica); 1957 (3rd Basilica)
• Dedicated to: Our Lady of Lourdes, mother Mary
• Architectural Style: Gothic (Immaculate Conception); Byzantine (Lady of the Rosary); Modern (St. Pius Basilica)
• Height: 230 feet (Spire of the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception)
• Famous relics:
• Spring and the Grotto (Where the Marian apparitions occurred)
• Relics of Saint Bernadette
• Historical events:
• 1858- Bernadette sees visions of Mary dressed in white at a grotto.
• 1862- Official Church recognition of the miracle
• 1865-1876- Construction of the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception
• 1883-1901- Construction of the Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary
• 1933- Bernadette is canonized as a saint
• 1957- Basilica of St. Pius is completed
• Significance: This is considered one of the most popular Marian Devotion sites alongside Guadalupe and Fatima. According to legend Bernadette witnessed 18 apparitions of Mother Mary dressed in white at the Grotto of Massabielle. Mary identified herself as the Immaculate Conception and requests prayer, penance, and that a chapel be built. The church quickly recognized this miracle as worthy of belief and went thru with the basilica. The site quickly expanded into one basilica, then two basilicas, then an entire sanctuary with 3 basilicas dedicated to the holy site. This construction is quite incredible built on a hillside (somewhat like Los Lajas) like a scene right out of a fairytale movie. The main basilica is built directly over the grotto where the apparitions occurred (which is a shallow rock cave with spring water that has a statue of the Virgin Mary). The Basilica of the Immaculate Conception is the primary upper church that stands tall like a medieval castle with it's front spire. The lower Rosary basilica is much smaller with a central dome. There is also a 3rd basilica of St. Pius that was built underground for large capacities of up to 20,000 people. It is the 3rd most popular pilgrimage sites, bringing an annual 4 to 6 million pilgrims a year (behind the Sanctuary of Guadalupe and Vatican City).

30. Trier Cathedral

• 
  Location: Trier, Rhineland-Palatine, Germany
  
• Construction Period: 326-340 (first building); 1235-1270 (current building)
• Dedicated to: Saint Peter the Apostle
• Commissioned by: Constantine the Great, Bishop Maxim
• Architectural style: Romanesque
• Height: 249 feet
• Famous relics:
• Holy Robe of Christ
• Skull of St. Helena
• Nails from the cross
• Historical events: 
• 882- Devasted by viking raids
• 10th-12th century- rebuilding era
• 12th- 19th century- seat of the archbishop of Trier, one of the seven prince electors of the Holy Roman Emperor
• 1512- Discovery of the Holy Robe
• 1944-1950- Damaged during WWII, rennovated.
• 1986- Designated a UNESCO World Heritage site
• Significance: It is the oldest church in Germany first commissioned by Constantine the Great to replace ancient Roman buildings. After being devastated several times by Viking raids it was later rebuilt during the middle ages. With it's iconic four towers it resembles more of a medieval castle than the typical church format. The church also has a unique system of cloisters and corridors that connect to the adjacent Liebfrauenkirche (Church of Our Lady) built in 1230. Despite being renovated and rebuilt, the church still has remainders of the ancient Roman columns. It has an impressive high alter of Baroque art, a chapel dedicated to the holy robe of Christ, and three crypts.

29. Basilica of Notre Dame de Fourviere

• Location: Fourviere, Lyon, France
  
  
• Construction Period: 1872-1884
• Dedicated to: Mary, mother of Jesus
• Architect: Pierre Bossnan
• Architectural style: Romanesque Revival, gothic revival, neo-Byzantine
• Height: 157 feet
• Historical events:
•  1643- The leaders of Lyon promised they would dedicate their city to Mary if she saved them from the plague
• 1870- The leaders of Lyon once again vowed to build a chuch if they were spared from the devastation of Franco-Prussian War
• 1998- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Lyon region.
• Significance: It's one of the more modern French cathedrals built in the late 1800s, but still has that typical French extravagant style. It is made of white marble with four spired towers, a dome at its front with a statue of Saint Michael the Archangel, and another dome with a golden statue of Mother Mary. The front facade has four pillars leading to the doorway, and is covered with intricate designs and sculptures of the gospels and the angels. The cathedral's true claim to fame, however, is the incredible interior of golden mosaics. Looking up at the pillars and 3 domes in the ceiling are truly celestial as they portray Mary's glory in the church as well many other mosaics. There is also a lower church dedicated to Saint Joseph that is much humbler in nature compared to the lavish main basilica. The church was

28. Pisa Cathedral

• 
  Location: Pisa, Italy
  
• Construction Period: 1064-1278
• Dedicated to: Assumption of the Virgin Mary
• Architect: Buscheto
• Architectural Style: Classical, Romanesque
• Height: 186 feet
• Historical events:
• 1064- Construction begins on cathedral
• 1152-1278- Construction on baptistery and leaning tower
• 1595- Major fire causes interior damage
• 1987- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• 1990-2001- Stabilization of the leaning tower of Pisa
• Significance: It is one of the most iconic sites in Italy due to it's leaning tower, however it is often overlooked as a cathedral complex. The grounds have four separate distinct buildings that include the main cathedral, it's famous leaning tower, a cemetery (known as the monumental holy field), and a baptistry (dedicated to St. John). All of the buildings are built with a similar white stone base in the neo-classical fashion heavy on pillars and arches. There is sculptured relief throughout the exterior, but nothing too overly abundant. At the top apex is a statue of the Virgin Mary carrying the infant Jesus flanked by two angels at the corners. The inner nave of the cathedral is aligned with columns and an incredible ceiling of golden recessed squares. There are also massive frescoes of Christ Pantocrator behind the altar and the Assumption of Mary within the dome. The baptistry has a colorful orange dome (reminiscent of the Florence Cathedral) with a striped interior of columns. The most iconic feature is the oddity of it's leaning tower which has slowly tilted since it's first construction. This is due to being built on shallow foundation which caused it to sink on one side. It was however stabilized recently with modern engineering, and visitors are still allowed to access the tower to this day. 

27. Rouen Cathedral

• Location: Rouen, Normandy, France
• 
  Construction Period: 1030-1063; 1145-1250; 14th-16th century; 1825-1876
• Dedicated to: Assumption of Mary
  
• Architectural style: Gothic, Renaissance
• Height: 495 feet (tallest building in world from 1876-1880)
• Famous relics: 
• Heart of King Richard I of England (the Lionheart)
• Relics of Saint Romain
• Famous tombs:
• Rollo (Viking leader, first duke of Normandy)
• Historical events: 
• 1063- Cathedral is consecrated in the presence of William the Conqueror (three years before he would conquer England)
• 12th- 16th century- continuous expansion
• 1876-1880- Tallest building in the world (surpassed by the Cologne Cathedral)
• 1940-1944- Several damaged during WWII however restored.
• Significance: This is a towering behemoth of great French gothic cathedrals. Built over an 800 year timespan, it has three incredible towers with a different style. The top spire is made of iron and was the final touch of the cathedral which made it the tallest building in the world from 1876-1880. The center facade has 3 entry door portals laced with impeccable sculpture detail There are 70 standing statues with hundreds of relief figures sculpted in the portals. This includes statues of the old testament prophets, apostles, bishops, saints, angels, kings, and queens. Inside the church is just as impressive with it's massive high reaching nave surrounded by stone pillars. There are many stained-glass windows throughout the interior that divide the church into dark yet also light areas. There are also the tombs of famous Norman Vikings, dukes, and even the heart of Richard the Lionheart. It still stands as the tallest church in France, and one of their most treasured monuments (as celebrated by the 30 paintings of Claude Monet).

  

26. Monreal Cathedral

• 
  Location: Monreal, Sicily, Italy
  
• Construction Period: 1172-1267
• Dedicated to: Nativity of the Virgin Mary
• Comissioned by: King William II of Sicily
• Architectural Style: Norman, Romanesque, Byzantine
• Height: 213 feet
• Famous relics:
• Relics of Saint Louis IX of France (Heart and entrails)
• Famous tombs:
• King William II of Sicily (William the Good)- damaged during fire of 1811
• King William I of Sicily (William the Bad) - damaged during fire of 1811
• Historical events:
• 1172- King William the Good ordered construction of a church after receiving a vision from Mary
• 1176-1183- Granted cathedral and archdiocese status
• 1183-1189- Painting of famous mosaics on interior
• 1811- Fire destroys a large part of the cathedral
• 2015- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Significance: Upon it's completion it was considered one of the most affluential cathedrals during the middle ages, due to it's archdiocese connection to the pope. The church also was partnered with a nearby Benedictine monastery who played a pivotal role in building the church. The structure has the look of a Spanish-styled fortress with a notable cloister at it's center with 228 paired columns. The interior is the church's true claim to fame with incredible Byzantine style mosaics that cover most of the wall and ceilings. At it's center is a famous painting of Christ in the Pantocrator fashion (considered one of the largest painted depictions of Christ from the medieval age). According to legend the church was commissioned by King William the Good after he received a vision from Mary. The vision pointed him to a treasure that was to be used to build the church. William used this legend to counter Palermo's power and support his new church in Monreal as divine and royal authority.

25. Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe

• 
  Location: Guadalupe, Mexico
  
• Construction Period: 1709 (first basilica); 1976 (new basilica)
• Dedicated to: Our Lady of Guadalupe, mother Mary
• Architectural Style: Mexican Baroque, Modernism
• Height: 330 feet
• Famous relics:
• Tilma of Saint Juan Diego (Cloak that displays the miraculous apparition of the Virgin Mary in 1531)
• Saint Juan Diego relics
• Famous tombs:
• Saint Juan Diego
• Historical events:
• 1531- The Virgin Mary appears four times to Saint Juan Diego requesting that a church be built. Her image miraculously appears on a cloak
• 1530-1700- A small shrine is built at the site and pilgrimage begins immediately
• 1709- Old Basilica of Guadalupe is constructed
• 1974- Modern basilica is constructed
• Significance: This complex consists of two basilicas that honor the apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe, mother Mary. Legend has it her image was miraculously displayed on a cloak with roses. It is considered one of the most important Marian shrines in all of Catholicism (especially Latin America). It receives nearly 20 million visitors a year, making it one of the most visited religious sites in the world. The Old Basilica was built near the site of the original apparition that occurred in 1531. Once the building began to show signs of wear and sinkage, a newer basilica was built right next to it in 1976. Both basilicas are next to each other, with an open plaza layout that holds massive crowds of visitors. The newer basilica is a modern circular structure with the Lady of Guadalupe painted above the main altar, visible throughout the interior. The old Basilica is a Baroque structure, with much more ornamental designs than the newer one. The high number of pilgrimage is no doubt due to the housing of this holy relic. It is among the most famous relics in Christianity, next to the Holy Grail, the True Cross, the Shroud of Turin or Veronica's veils.

24. Santa Maria della Salute

• Location: Venice, Italy
• 
  Construction Period:
  
• Dedicated to: The Virgin Mary
• Architectural Style: Baroque
• Height: 148 feet
• Famous relics:
• Madonna the Mediator (Byzantine painting from the 12th century)
• St. Jerome Emiliana relics
• Historical events:
• 1630-1631- Deadly bubonic plague devastates the city of Venice killing one-third the population
• 1631- 1687- The Venetian Senate makes a vow to build a church dedicated to the Virgin Mary to save them from the plague
• 1863-1883- Church undergoes restoration
• 1921- Elevated to minor basilica
• Significance: The church was originally built as a vow to the Virgin Mary to save them from the plague (which actually did end the same year construction began). It's one of the newer major churches of Venice (alongside St. Marks Basilica, Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, and Santi Giovanni e Paolo). It's one of the most distictive buildings of the Venice skyline with it's massive two domes that match the color of the Venetian lagoon. The church is one of the most famous pure Baroque buildings (alongside St. Peter's Basilica). There are about 125 statues on the exterior of the church that are a little weathered due to wind and saltwater exposure. Unlike most western tunnel naves, this is an octagonal floor plan with it's massive dome in the middle. The baroque style continues insides with it's patterned floor, columns, paintings, and many more statues. The high altar is the focal point with it's famous Byzantine painting of Madonna the Mediator (dedicated as a symbol of her saving Venice).

23. Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls

• Location: Rome, Italy
• 
  Construction Period: 386; 1823-1840 (Mostly rebuilt due to fire damage)
• Dedicated to: Saint Paul the Apostle
  
• Architectural Style: Neoclassical
• Height: 240 feet
• Famous tombs:
• Saint Paul the Apostle
• Historical events:
• 64-67- St. Paul the Apostle is martyred under emperor Nero. He is buried outside the city walls
• 324- Constantine the Great has the tomb of St. Paul replaced with a basilica
• 386- Emperor Theodosian demolishes Constantine's church and replaces it with a much larger basilica (largest church in Rome at it's time)
• 5th- 9th centuries- Survived natural disasters and fires, and underwent various renovation phases
• 1823- Massive fire destroys the majority of the church. Considered one of the worse architectural disaesters in Christian history
• 1823-1840- While some of the ancient structure is preserved it is mostly rebuilt
• Significance: It is considered one of the most ancient and 2nd most important churches in Catholic tradition behind St. Peter's Basilica. What's great about this church is that it is built directly over the historical grave of Saint Paul (with recent excavation validity). Unfortunately the majority of the original building was burnt during the 1823 fire, however some of the structure was preserved. It's current layout is still quite impressive, built with a Greek classical style and a massive cloister (80 monolithic columns). The iconic golden mosaic on it's front facade depicts Christ in majesty, flanked by Peter and Paul, and the four prophets below them (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekeil, Daniel). The apse mosaic inside above the high altar is an original painting from the 5th century that survived the fire. A Benedictine monastery is adjacent to the basilica as they are considered the custodians of this important site. It is considered one of the four papal basilicas and one of the seven pilgrimage churches of Rome.

22. Aachan Cathedral

• Location: Aachen, Germany
• 
  Construction Period: 790-800
  
• Dedicated to: Virgin Mary
• Commissioned by: Charlemagne
• Architectural Style: Ottonian, Carolingian-Romanesque, Gothic
• Height: 236 feet
• Famous relics:
• Mary's dress
• Jesus' swaddling clothes
• Jesus' loincloth
• The cloth used for the head of John the Baptist after his beheading
• Charlemagne relics (Golden bust of Charlamagne, Cross of Lothair, Persephone sarcophagus)
• Famous tombs:
• Charlemagne
• Historical events:
• 790-800- Foundation of the Palatine Chapel begins under Charlemagne
• 814- Charlemagne is buried in the chapel
• 936- Otto I is crowned king of Germany in the church, followed by 30 other kings
• 12th century- Structural reinforcements, including installation of the Barbassoa chandelier
• 1531- Ferdinand I becomes last German king to be coronated here
• 1794-1815- Chuch is briefly occupied and looted by Napoleon's french army
• 1939-194- Chuch suffers heavy bombing during WWII
• 1978- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Significance: It is one of the most historic churches in central Europe, that once stood as the Episcopalian center of the Holy Roman Empire. It became a coronation church similar to Westminster or Reims, hosting 30 coronation ceremonies. The design was modeled after the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, with a similar Byzantine octagonal style mixed with some Gothic elements. It does have a front facade or the symmetrical balance of most Gothic churches, rather a layered structure with a central dome and principal tower. The interior does not have the central nave format, rather 8 sides to it with a lower and upper level. The side walls are covered in stained-glass windows and paintings, with a dome mosaic of the four evangelists, and a chandelier hanging in the middle (known as the Barbassoa chandelier). Since it was a medieval hotspot for pilgrimages, it has many famous relics and tombs, most notably the burial place of Charlemagne. The Shrine of the Virgin Mary carries four very sacred relics including Mary's dress, Jesus swaddling clothes, Jesus' loincloth, and the cloth used for the head of John the Baptist. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site for it's rich architectural and historical significance.

21. Church of Our Lady before Tyn

• 
  Location: Prague, Czech Republic
  
• Construction Period: 11th century (1st church); 1256 (2nd church); 1360-1511 (3rd and current church built)
• Dedicated to: Our Lady of Tyn, mother Mary
• Architectural Style: Gothic
• Height: 260 feet
• Famous relics:
• Baptismal font of Prague (1414)
• Famous tombs:
• Tycho Brahe (famous astronomer from the Renaissance)
• Jan Rokycana (famous Hussite theologian)
• Historical events:11th century- Romanesque church built in the central plaza of Prague
• 1256- Church was replaced by a larger gothic church
• 1360s- 3rd and present church built
• 1400s- Church becomes a key headquarters for the Hussite movement and it is turned to a Protestant church
• 1620- Following the Battle of White Mountain the church was reclaimed as a Catholic church
• 1679- A lightning strike caused major devastation to the church
• 1876-1995- Restoration and renovation
• Significance: This is one of the most distinctive and famous churches in Prague (aside from the Vitus Cathedral). I was fortunate to see this one first hand when I visited this city in 2022. It's most defining feature is it's 2 spire towers, that have sub-spires attached to them. In between the two massive spires at the apex is a golden statue of Mary, that is surrounded with pinnacles. The sandstone brick and the black roofs of the spires make for an incredible contrast. I just love the exterior of this church, even though it is somewhat hidden by other buildings in the central plaza. On the inside of the church, the towering high altar takes center stage with it's lavish golden columns and sculptures. There are 19 altars along the side of the church with ornamental Baroque/Gothic designs. This church once famously stood at the center of the Hussite movement but was later restored to Catholicism. Nonetheless the church still recognizes the Hussite movement with shrines and tombs as part of national history. Surprisingly, it is not a cathedral or basilica however it is truly one of the most monumental churches in Czechia.

20. Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar

• Location: Zaragoza, Spain
• 
  Construction Period: 1681-1754
  
• Dedicated to: Our Lady of the Pillar
• Commissioned by: King Alfonso I of Aragon
• Architectural Style: Baroque, Neo-Mudejar
• Height: 312 feet
• Famous relics:
• The Pillar of the Virgin
• Statue of Our lady of the Pillar
• Historical events:
• 1st century- According to legend Mary appears to the Apostle James in Zaragoza and leaves behind a pillar of jasper stone
• 3rd century- First chapel built on the stie of the pillar (One of the earliest Marian shrines)
• 1118- After the Reconquista, a new Romanesque Church is built by King Alfonso I of Aragon
• 1681-1754-Church is rebuilt in the Baroque style.
• Significance: This church is built in dedication of the Lady of the Pillar, the Virgin Mary. According to tradition Mother Mary appeared to the Apostle James the Greater during his travels in Spain. She left him a pillar of stone as a symbol to build a church in Zaragoza. This is considered to be the first Marian apparition which occurs before her death (while she still lives in Jerusalem). The church is so unique from any other Catholic church, almost like a marriage of western baroque with middle-eastern (referred to as Neo-Mudejar). It looks like a fairy-tale castle with it's central dome, colored roof domes with spires, and four tall towers at each corner. It's even more magnificent in the evening when it's lights reflect off the Ebro River. The interior is unlike most central nave systems, but rather wide segmented space accentuated by the columns and domed ceilings (some of which were painted by Francisco Goya). It is highly decorated with Baroque artwork and paintings, altarpieces, marble floor, and gilded surfaces. The Pillar Shrine is the main relic and devotion of the church and is displayed in a ornate enclosure.

19. Church of the Nativity

• Location: Bethlehem, Israel
• 
  Construction Period: 339 (1st church); 530-565 (2nd church);
• Dedicated to: Jesus, Mary, and Joseph
  
• Comissioned by: Saint Helena, Constantine the Great
• Architectural Style: Romanesque
• Height: 50 feet
• Famous relics:
• Grotto of the Nativity
• Historical events:
• 326-327- Saint Helena identifies the location of the birth of Christ, and orders a basilica built on the site.
• 339- First Church of the Nativity is built
• 529- Church is destroyed during Samaritan revolts
• 530-565- Emperor Justinian has church rebuilt on a larger scale
• 614- Persian Invasion takes control of the church but does not destroy it
• 1099-1169- Crusaders reclaim the church as part of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, further renovations and expansions
• 13th century- Ottomans take control of the region but once again does not destroy it
• 2012- Site is declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• 2013-2019- Further renovation efforts
• Significance: It is the sacred sight of the nativity in Bethlehem discovered by Saint Helena (she is credited with 3 major churches; Holy Sepulcher, Church of the Nativity, and Church of the Ascension- that was destroyed). The building itself is a fairly ancient structure of pale stone and brick, with a bell tower and by no means an architectural wonder. It's the actual sacred site itself that receives millions of visitors and pilgrims. The main entrance is referred to as the Door of Humility a very small doorway where people have to crouch to ender as opposed to the usual massive church portal doors. The interior is fairly dark similar to the Holy Sepulcher with 44 columns, with floor and wall mosaics. The main feature is the Grotto of the Nativity (the site of the manger) , a simple limestone shrine, that is adorned with lamps, ornaments, and a silver star. It is a simple building yet still attracts up to 2 million visitors per year (would likely be more if there wasn't such political turmoil in the region). It is certainly on the bucket list to see these ancient churches and sites in the Holy Land.

18. Sacre Coeur Basilica

• 
  Location: Paris, France
• Construction Period: 1870-1914
• Dedicated to: Sacred Heart of Jesus
• Architecture: Paul Abadie
• Architectural Style:
• Height: 272 feet
• Famous relics:
• Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque
• Historical events:
• 1870- Franco-Prussian War. France is defeated and many Catholics fear it is punishment from God
• 1871- Paris Commune uprising launches from Montmartre hill and is supressed after a few months
• 1872-1875- Montmartre is chosen as the construction site due to it's high position overlooking the city
• 1914- Construction is completely before outbreak of WWI
• 1919- Quickly elevated to minor basilica
• Significance: It was built as an act of devotion after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and the Paris Commune of 1871 seeking to restore humility with Christ. It has an Indian style to it with it's bright white stone structure and 5 massive domes that are quite similar to the Taj Mahal. The building is known for an unusual bright white color that is especially illuminated after rainfall. It has a statue of Jesus at the center and two massive green equestrian statues of Saint Louis and Saint Joan of Arc standing to the sides. It has one of the largest bells in the world known as La Savoyarde. On the interior is one of the largest mosaics in the world depicting Christ as the majesty. It also has many sculptures, stained-glass windows, and a massive pipe organ. It sits a top the Montmartre hill in Paris, and is one of the most iconic monuments in the city alongside the Eifel Tower, Notre Dame, and the Arc de Triumph.

17. Saint Vitus Cathedral

• 
  Location: Prague, Czechia
  
• Construction Period: 1344-1929
• Dedicated to: Saint Vitus, Saint Wencsesalus, and Saint Adalbert
• Commissioned by: King Charles IV (Holy Roman Emperor)
• Architectural Style: Gothic
• Height: 337 feet
  
• Famous relics:
• Relics of St. Wenceslas
• Relics of St. Vitus
• Relics of St. Adalbert
• Famous tombs:
• St. Wenceslas
• Charles IV (Holy Roman Emperor)
• St. John of Nepomuk
• Ferdinand I (Holy Roman Emperor)
• Maximillian II (Holy Roman Emperor)
• Historical events:
• 930- St. Wenceslas has a Romanesque rotunda built in Prague
• 1060- It is replaced by a larger Romanesque basilica
• 1344- King Charles IV becomes Holy Roman Emperor and commissions a grand new Gothic cathedral befitting of Prague
• 1347- Coronation of King Charles IV
• 1419-1434- Construction pauses due to Hussite War
• 1541- Major fire destroys a large part of the building
• 1836- Coronation of King Ferdinand V of Bohema
• 1929- Finally completed after 600 years
• 1992- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site with Old Prague
• Significance: It is one of most iconic buildings in the amazing city of spires, perched high up on a hill overlooking Prague. I was fortunate to see this cathedral in 2022, and was blown away how it seems to float over the city. It really looks like one of those vampire-like castles with it's darker base that is heavy on spires and pinnacles. It's top green spire is the iconic highpoint of Prague. The flying buttress is especially prominent on the eastern facade with it's multi-faceted layers which include 3 chapels with green roofs. The rose window and stained-glass windows inside are a main feature, with many medieval artwork as well as art nouveau. The Chapel of Saint Wenceslas is another major highlight inside decorated with over 1300 gemstones. It took over 600 years to finish this church, and it served as the heart of the Golden Age of Prague during the 1400s. It is rightfully so a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with the region of Old Prague. It is really a gold mine for famous relics and tombs of the likes of St. Wenceslas, St. Vitus, St. Adalbert, and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV. You wouldn't think that Prague being in Central Europe would have such a rich history of Catholicism.

16. Seville Cathedral

• Location: Seville, Spain
  
  
• Construction Period: 1401-1506
• Dedicated to: Saint Mary of the See
• Architectural Style: Gothic, Moorish, Renaissance
• Height: 345 feet
• Famous relics:
• Thorns from the Crown of Thorns
• Saint relics
• Royal treasures of art, gold, silver, and jewels
• Famous tombs:
• Christopher Columbus
• Saint King Ferdinand III
• King Alfonso X the Wise
• Many other Spanish royals and nobles
• Spanish cardinals and bishops
• Historical events:
• 1172- Great Mosque is built under the Islam rule Almohad
• 1248- King Ferdinand III of Castile recaptures Seville and converts the mosque to a Catholic cathedral
• 1401-1506- The old mosque is tore down and replaced with a new Gothic cathedral
• 1755- Lisbon earthquake causes damage to the church
• 1888- Dome collapses and is rebuilt
• 1987- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Significance: This is another Spanish fortress-church with the Moorish desert-style, spires, and pinnacles galore. When the church was completed in 1506 it surpassed the Hagia Sophia as the largest church in the world. It held this title for 120 years until it was surpassed by the rebuilt St. Peter's Basilica (Seville is currently the 4th largest behind St. Peters, Aparecida, and Cordoba). The Giralda tower of the cathedral is the most distinctive feature, which is actually a Moorish minaret that was part of the original mosque structure. The interior is massive with a golden ceiling and holds the largest altarpiece in the world. Known as the Retablo Mayor it was designed by Pierre Dancart and has 45 biblical scenes with over 1000 engraved figures. It's other major claim to fame is housing the tomb of Christopher Columbus that is carried by four kingly statues. There are paintings throughout the church by famous artists such as Murillo, Goya, and Zurbarian. It also has over 80 chapels inside (including the Royal Chapel with the tomb of Saint King Ferdinand III). This is such a historic church that was once considered the center of the Age of Exploration.
  

15. Milan Cathedral

• 
  Location: Milan, Italy
  
• Construction Period: 1386-1965
• Dedicated to: Nativity of the Virgin Mary
• Commissioned by: Gian Galeazzo Visconti (Ruler of Milan)
• Architectural Style: Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassical
• Height: 356 feet
• Famous relics:
• The Holy Nail (one of the nails from the cross)
• Secondary relics of the saints such as St. Ambrose
• Famous tombs:
• Tomb of St. Charles Borromeo
• Historical events:
• 4th- 1th centuries- Two Christian churches were built on the center of Roman Mediolanum (Winter and Summer Cathedrals)
• 1075- Fire badly damaged the complex
• 1386- Construction begins on the current Gothic cathedral
• 1805- Napoleon was crowned in the Doumo
• 1965- Official completion of the cathedral (579 year project)
• Significance: Referred to as the Duomo it is the iconic landmark of the historic Italian city of Milan. It's most striking feature is its 135 spires (by far the most of any Catholic church). It is also the largest church in Italy and 5th largest in the world by it's interior area. The highest and most famous spire is the Madonnina with a golden status of the virgin Mary on top. It also has an astounding 3000 statues (2000 on the exterior and 1000 inside). The interior is quite dark with minimal light coming from stained-glass windows (aside from the incredible long vertical windows behind the altar). The nave is enormous with 52 massive columns of stone holding up the roof. One of the most famous features inside is the Holy Nail Relic, believed to be from the Crucifixion of Christ. It also holds the tomb of St. Charle Borromeo, one of the leading figures of the Counter-Reformation. It's an incredible work of architecture, and most definitely on my bucket list. It was just recently at the center of world attention during the 2026 Winter Olympics. 

14. Chartres Cathedral

• Location: Chartres, France
• 
  Construction Period: 1194-1220
  
• Dedicated to: Our Lady of Chartres, the Virgin Mary
• Architectural Style: Gothic, Romanesque,
• Height: 377 feet
• Famous relics:
• Sancta Camisia (The Virgin's Veil)
• Historical events:
• 350-400- 1st cathedral built with bishop seat
• 876- The Sancta Camisia relic arrives to Chartres
• 962- Cathedral destroyed due to fire
• 11th century- 2nd cathedral built in Romanesque fashion
• 1194- Massive fire destroys cathedral
• 1194-1220- Construction of 3rd current Gothic cathedral
• 1594- Coronation of King Henry IV (since Reims was controlled by the Catholic League)
• 1836- Massive roof fire
• 1979- Declared UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Significance: It's one of the most famous French Gothic churches that still stands from the medieval ages, and has probably caught on fire more than any other church in history. The previous two were destroyed by fire, and the third one caught fire twice. Unlike most French Gothic facades, this one has two striking symmetrical spires at it's front (one is Romanesque and one is Flamboyant fashion). The sculpted relief is a little laxer than most French cathedrals but it still has the detailed portals, a sequence of kings, queens, Mother Mary, and Christ at the Apex. The interior is even more impressive with its high nave columns and labyrinth pattern on its floor. It also has one the largest collection of stained-glass windows (over 170) many of which are still from the 12th-13th century. The crypt is also a famous historic feature that was part of the 2nd cathedral and survived the 1194 fire (the Sancta Camisia relic also survived the fire). Despite all it's fires it is still considered one of the best-preserved medieval cathedrals in the world.

13. Florence Cathedral

• 
  Location: Florence, Italy
  
• Construction Period: 1296-1436
• Dedicated to: Saint Mary of the Family
• Architect: Arnolfo di Cambio, Filippo Brunelleschi
• Architectural Style: Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance
• Height: 376 feet
• Famous relics:
• Saint Zenobius (Bishop and patron saint of Florence)
• Famous tombs:
• Filippo Brunelleschi (Architect of the iconic dome)
• Historical events:
• 1296- The construction of the cathedral is built as a direct replacement of the Santa Reparata church (built in the 4th century)
• 1334-1366- Bell tower is completed
• 1348- Black death severely halts construction
• 1418-1436- Major challenged of how to construct the dome. A contest is held and Filippo Brunellschi win's with some groundbreaking engineering
• 1572-1579- Last judgement is painted on the inside of the dome
• 1871-1887- Front facade is painted
• 1982- Cathedral becomes a designated UNESCO site along with Old Florence
• Significance: It is one of the most iconic buildings of the Renaissance age, with it's iconic orange brick dome (which was the largest dome of it's time) designed by Filippo Brunelleschi. The exterior black line square patterns also makes this cathedral quite unique, along with it's multiple semi-domes. It's freestanding bell tower makes a great contrast on the opposite end to the massive dome. The Baptistery of St. John is also a freestanding building that is considered a part of the overall complex. There is really no church quite as iconic and unique as this one, and has it's own categorization of Florentine architecture. The interior is surprisingly much more reserved than it's exterior, with some distinctive floor patterns, and it's famous fresco of the last Judgement on it's dome. The famous painting of Dante and the Divine Comedy is also housed inside the cathedral, celebrating the Florentine poet. It was declared a UNESCO site along with Old Florence in 1982.

12. Saint Chapelle

• Location: Paris, France
• 
  Construction Period: 1241-1248
  
• Dedicated to: Virgin Mary, King Saint Louis IX
• Commissioned by: King Saint Louis IX
• Architectural Style: Gothic
• Height: 245 feet
• Historical events:
• 1239- Saint Louis IX acquires the Crown of Thorns from Constantinople
• 1241-1248- Saint Louis IX commissions a major royal chapel to hold the relic
• 15th century- Important relics are moved to Notre Dame
• 1789-1799- Saint Chapelle is damaged and looted during French Revolution
• 1830s-1860s- Major restoration phase
• 1862- Declared a French national monument
• 1991- Declared a UNESCO
• Significance: It's one of the most beautiful church interiors defined by it's 15-foot-long stained-glass windows (70% are still originals from the medieval construction). The majority of the surface walls are covered by the long glass windows that depict over 1000 biblical scenes. The exterior is a fairly narrow gothic design with pinnacles along the perimeter, massive spire at it's center, and a statue of Saint Michael the Archangel holding a cross. This church was originally built as a private chapel for King Saint Louis IX and other kings, and did not become public until the 1860s. Since this was built inside the king's palace it was never meant to be a public church, cathedral, or basilica. It once held many great relics from the Passion that were later relocated to Notre Dame and other museums. Today it serves more as a national museum than a functioning church or chapel. I wish I had known of this site when I visited Notre Dame in 2017 as it is only a couple blocks away. It's now definitely on my bucket list.

11. Santiago de Compostela (Galicia)

• 
  Location: Galicia, Spain
  
• Construction Period: 814 (1st church); 829 (2nd church); 899 (3rd church); 1075-1211 (4th current church)
• Dedicated to:
• Commissioned by: King Alfonso VI
• Architectural Style: Romanesque, Gothic, Baroque
• Height: 246 feet
• Famous tombs:
• Saint James the Greater
• Saint Athanasius (Disciple of James)
• Saint Theodore (Disciple of James)
• Historical events:
• 813-814- A miraculous light is discovered at the tomb of Saint James the Greater along with two disciples. A chapel is built on the site
• 829- A church is built on the site
• 899- A larger basilica is built on the site commissioned by King Alfonso III
• 997- Church is destroyed by Almanzor of Cordoba. Tomb is spared
• 1075- Construction begins on current cathedral.
• 12th- 15th century- Becomes a central pilgrimage capital in Europe
• 1985- Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Significance: During the middle ages it was considered one of the three great pilgrimages of Christendom alongside Rome and Jerusalem since it holds the tomb of Saint James the Greater and two of his disciples. The architecture is worthy of the sacred site, with incredible sculpted detail on it's facade including Jesus in the central Portico de la Gloria flanked by the apostles and saints. It has the classic Spanish desert color with four towers that stand at each corner giving it a nice frame, the front two being the larger twin bell towers, and a central clock tower. The interior has the impressive high nave ceilings with stone columns and archways. There are two main levels, a lower and upper gallery that encircles the central nave. The high altar is of baroque design with a statue of Saint James at it's center. The crypt of the famous tombs are underground containing the 3 saints with space for pilgrim traffic. This is one of the holiest burial sites along the tombs of St. Peter and St. Paul and a very important Catholic church.

10. Reims Cathedral

• 
  Location: Reims, France
  
• Construction Period: 1211-1345
• Dedicated to: Our Lady of Reims, mother Mary
• Architectural Style: Gothic
• Height: 266 feet
• Famous relics:
• Holy Ampulla (Small vial of sacred oil that anointed Clovis during his baptism)
• Saint Remigius (the bishop who baptized Clovis)
• Historical events:
• 496- Clovis, king of the Franks baptized by Saint Remigius
• 820-862- Carolingian cathedral built in Reims
• 1210- First cathedral is destroyed by fire and replaced by Reims cathedral
• 1223- Louis VIII is crowned king at Reims Cathedral
• 1429- Charles VII is crowned king at Reims Cathedral with Joan of Arc present after a key victory during the Hundred Years War
• 1654- Louis XIV the sun king is crowned king at Reims Cathedral
• 1793- Holy Ampulla destroyed during French Revolution
• 1825- Charles X becomes last king to be crowned at Reims
• 1914-1918- Cathedral heavily shelled during WWI; however later restored
• 1991- Becomes a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Significance: One of the most amazing churches built during the Medieval age, with impeccable Gothic detail on it's facade. This one looks quite similar to Notre Dame of Paris, and some would make the case that it even surpasses it. There are approximately 2,300 statues carved in the exterior of the church, making it one of the most sculpted churches in the world. This includes statues of kings, angels, prophets, apostles, even monsters and mythical creatures. It also has three portal doors, two giant bell towers at it's front, a massive spire at it's back, and the iconic flying buttress along it's back-side. The interior is a little more reserved than it's busy exterior, it's point of emphasis being the rose window surrounded by more sculptures. The inner chamber is also laced with high stone columns, altar pieces, choral stands, chapels, and incredible stained-glass windows. Aside from it's incredible architecture the church also has a significant history being the place where Clovis, king of the Franks was baptized as well as many French coronations (including Charles VII and the Sun King Louis XIV. Joan of Arc also stood in this cathedral to celebrate the victory of Orleans and witness the coronation of Charles VII. Due to all these historical events the church has been deemed a UNESCO Heritage site.

9. Sistine Chapel

• Location: Vatican City
• 
  Construction Period: 1473-1481
  
• Dedicated to: Virgin Mary of the Feast of the Assumption
  
• Commissioned by: Pope Sixtus IV, Pope Julius II
• Architect: Baccio Pontelli
• Architectural Style: Renaissance
• Height: 68 feet
• Historical events:
• 1473-1481- Construction of the pope's Apostolic Palace
• 1481-1482- Wall Fresco Renaissance paintings by Botticelli, Ghirlandaio, and Perugino
• 1492- First conclave held in Sistine chapel
• 1508- Pope Julius II commissions Michelangelo to paint the ceiling with the biblical stories of Genesis
• 1513- Raphael's famous 10 paintings of the lives of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in the adjacent library suite referred to as the Raphael Rooms.
• 1536-1541- Michelangelo is commissioned once again to paint the Last Judgement on the altar wall
• 1870- Papal states are seized by the Kingdom of Italy. Pope Pius IX retreats into the Sistine Chapel
• 1878- The Sistine Chapel becomes the permanent location for the Papal Conclave
• Significance: Although not an official church, basilica, or cathedral the Sistine Chapel is not only the central location for the papal conclave, but also can celebrate regular mass (often presided by the pope himself). The chapel is located within the pope's official residence known as the Apostolic Palace (right across from St. Peter's Square). This chapel is just far too important, historic, and artistic to not include with these other giant cathedrals (I also included Saint-Chapelle which would have a similar distinction). The Sistine Chapel was built around the same time as St. Peter's Basilica as the pope's official residence. In 1492 it hosted it's first papal conclave and several more during the 1500s. The conclave was then moved to other various Roman venues until it returned to Sistine Chapel in 1878. It has hosted approximately 30 papal conclaves. The exterior itself is quite plain, just a brown-brick fortified building with the measurements of Solomon's Temple. The interior is where the true magic unfolds, with a shrine of Renaissance frescoes by the biggest names such as Botticelli, Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Raphael, and Michelangelo. It's overwhelming art, painting s that cover every inch of the ceiling and walls. This includes Michelangelo's famous Creation of Adam and the Last Judgement; as well as Perugino's famous Delivery of the Keys. I actually did get to walk thru this chapel in 2017 and was simply mesmerized by all the art on display. It truly felt like looking up into heaven. I don't think I've ever felt such a powerful presence of the lord (even though I was surrounded by tourists).
  

8. St. Marco Basilica

• Location: Venice, Italy
  
  
• Construction Period: 829-836; 976; 1063-1094
• Dedicated to: Mark the Evangelist
• Architectural Style: Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic
• Height: 141 feet
• Famous relics:
•  Relics of Saint Mark
• Famous tombs:
• Saint Mark the Evangelist
• Historical events:
• 828- Venetian merchants smuggle the relics of Saint Mark from Alexandria, Egypt to Venice.
• 829- First church is built dedicated to Saint Mark
• 976- Church is destroyed by a fire and rebuilt
• 1063-1094- Current basilica is built
• 1204- The Crusaders sack Constantinople and bring back many spoils of war to the Basilica of Saint Mark
• 1200-1400s- Massive works of mosaics began to cover the majority of the inner walls of the basilica
• 1797-1818- Napoleon steals the quadriga and places it on the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel in Paris. It is later returned to Venice after his defeat.
• 1987- Added as a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Significance: It is such a landmark cathedral in the historical city of Venice. The cathedral looks like something right out of a fairytale movie, in the backdrop of the blue waters of Venice. With it's quadriga, domes, pinnacles, and colorful facade it truly is a sight to behold. It is a unique blend of eastern Byzantine architecture with western Roman and Gothic architecture. Since it was built in the 11th century the church also has a very vintage almost ancient quality to it. Inside is like a museum of art and history, with hundreds of mosaics on the walls. The crown jewel of course is the tomb of St. Mark the Evangelist buried under the central altar. The only other church that can compare with the magnitude of this relic is St. Peter's Basilica which holds the tomb of St. Peter. This is arguably one of the most significant Catholic churches in the world, but it's also the most at risk due to frequent flooding in Venice. It is definitely on my bucket list.

7. St. Stephen's Cathedral

• 
  Location: Vienna, Austria
• Construction Period:
  
• Dedicated to: Saint Stephen
• Architectural Style: Romanesque, Gothic, Baroque
• Height: 447 feet
• Famous relics:
• Thorns from the Crown of Thorns
• Last Supper Tablecloth
• Relics of St. Valentine
• Famous tombs:
• Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor)
• Prince Eugene of Savoy
• Famous bishops of Vienna
• Historical events:
• 1137- First church is built in the Romanesque fashion
• 1258-1263- Fire devastates much of the building leading to a complete reconstruction
• 1359- The church is renovated with more Gothic features
• 1723- Elevated to cathedral
• 1782- Mozart's marriage
• 1791- Mozart's funeral
• 1945- Cathedral is damaged by fire during WWII
• 1945-1952- Church is repaired (most notably it's roof with the iconic colored tiles)
• Significance: I just love this church for the massive Gothic tower (referred to as Steffl) but also for it's colored tile patter. It has 230,000 colored tiles of green, yellow, black, and white with geometrical patterns. The main distinction is the design of Habsburg coat of arms with two black eagles that also represent Vienna and Austria. It also has the number 1950 which marks the date the tiles were installed after WWII reconstruction. The church is really in it's own category of European architecture mixing Romanesque, Gothic, and Baroque with incredible intricate detail. The interior is just as amazing with massive columns that are detailed with sculptures and shrines. The high altar piece is the elaborate Baroque centerpiece with a black frame and a painting of St. Stephen being stoned. Beneath the cathedral are thousands of bodies in the catacombs which include the Holy Roman emperor and many Habsburg nobles. The church played a significant part in Mozart's history as the site of his marriage and funeral. It's without question the pride and joy of Austrian Catholic identity. I'm so glad to have seen the magnificence of this cathedral in 2022, and bought a replica that sits in my house today.

6. Cologne Cathedral

• Location: Cologne, Germany
• 
  Construction Period: 1248-1560 (1st phase); 1842-1880 (2nd phase); 1950-present (restoration phase)
  
• Dedicated to: Saint Peter the Apostle
• Architectural Style: Gothic
• Height: 515 feet (3rd tallest chuch in the world)
• Famous relics:
• Shrine of the Three Kings
• Geno Crucidix (oldest monumental crucifix north of the Alps)
• Famous tombs:
• Adolf of Nassau (King of the Romans- 1292-1298)
• Archbishops of Cologne
• Historical events:
• 870- The Carolingian Old Cathedral is built becoming Germany's oldest episcopal seat
• 1164- The Archbishop of Cologne acquires the relics of the Three Magi, turning the church into a pilgrimage site
• 1248- Construction on the new Gothic Cathedral begins with intended goal to be the largest
• 1530-1560- Construction stops due to money shortages
• 1842- King Frederick William IV of Prussia pushes for the completion of the cathedral
• 1880- Surpasses the Rouen Cathedral to become the tallest building in the world.
• 1939-1945- Despite 90% of Cologne being destroyed by WWII bombing, the church miraculously is left standing.
• 1996- Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Significance: One of my favorite works of Gothic architecture due to that iconic black color, massive twin towers, and it's intricate facade. The church truly looks like it belongs in a dark fantasy about vampires or something. It also has a rich history as one of Germany's oldest Catholic bishop seats and home to the famous relics of the Three Wise Men. It's also a rare example of survival thru multiple trials; surviving the Protestant Reformation and WWII. Only a few major Catholic cathedrals in northern Europe survived conversion from the Protestant Reformation (including St. John's Cathedral Hertogenbosh, St. Stephen's Vienna, Trier Cathedral, and Cologne). The Cologne Cathedral also has the proud claim of being the tallest building in the world from 1880-1884 (later surpassed by the Washington Monument). The highlight inside the cathedral is the Shrine of the Three Kings that is displayed behind the altar. This houses the famous relic of the Three Magi in a miniature golden basilica. Other notable features include the high gothic choir chamber, medieval stained-glass windows, the massive nave, the Gero Crucifix, and many other tombs and chapels. It's also quite astounding that this building survived WWII, while other great Catholic German churches were destroyed such as St. Nicholas Church and Frauenkirche Dresden. This one is most definitely on my bucket list for it's history and it's incredible architecture.

5. Notre Dame

• 
  Location: Paris, France
  
• Construction Period: 1163-1250
• Dedicated to: Our Lady the Virgin Mary
• Commissioned by: Bishop Maurice de Sully
• Architectural Style: Gothic
• Height: 315 feet
• Famous relics:
• Crown of Thorns
• Fragments of the True Cross
• Crucifixion nail
• Famous tombs:
• Archbishops of Paris
• Historical events:
• 4th century- Cathedral of Saint-Etienne is built to replace a Gallo-Roman temple dedicated to Jupiter
• 1163-1250- New Gothic cathedral is built to replace Saint-Etienne
• 1239- Crown of Thorns relic brought to Notre Dame
• 1431- Coronation of Henry VI (English King claiming French throne during the Hundred Years War)
• 18th century- Major renovations under King Louis XIV
• 1790- During the French Revolution the church is looted and transformed into a Temple of Reason
• 1804- Napoleon crowned emperor inside Notre Dame
• 1844-1864- Major renovations including the famous neo-Gothic spire
• 1914-1945- Survived both World Wars II
• 1991- Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• 2019- Terrible fire destroys the roof and spire
• 2024- Restored and reopened
• Significance: It is one of the most famous churches in the world and the prime example of the French gothic structure with perfect symmetry. This iconic design went on to influence other major French gothic cathedrals such as Chartres, Bourges, Reims, and Amiens. The key features of it's front facade includes the twin bell towers, the central rose window, a statue of Mary flanked by two angels, the gallery of 28 statues (Kings of Judah), and 3 door portals with hundreds of sculpted reliefs. Other iconic features include it's massive central spire with 16 green copper statues, the flying buttresses, and mythical statues such as gargoyles, chimeras, and strix that serve as decorative water spouts. Inside the cathedral is the ultra-high channel of the nave defined by columns, arches, and overhead ribs on the ceiling. There are 3 rose windows and many other stained-glass windows that help illuminate the shadowy interior. The church owns some of the most famous relics, such as the Crown of Thorns, however it is currently displayed in the Louvre (for better security). It's a landmark of Paris but also the Catholic Church, and I'm so glad I got to see it in 2017 with my brother. It was horrifying when the chuch caught on fire in 2019 but I'm very glad they were able to restore it back to it's full glory.

4. Sagrada Familia

• 
  Location: Barcelona, Spain
  
• Construction Period: 1882-2034
• Dedicated to: Jesus, Mary, and Joseph
• Architect: Antonio Gaudi
• Architectural Style: Gothic Revival, Art Nouveau, Modernista
• Height: 566 feet (tallest church in the world)
• Famous tombs:
• Antonio Gaudi (1926)- chief architect
• Josep Maria Bocabella- founder of project
• Historical events:
• 1882- Construction of the crypt begins under Francisco de Paula del Villar
• 1883- Villar resigns and Antonio Gaudi takes over due to cost disputes
• 1914- Gaudi cancels all other commissions to focus entirely on the cathedral
• 1926- Gaudi dies and is buried in the crypt
• 1936-1939- Gaudi's workshop is destroyed by anarchists during the Spanish Civil War
• 1954- Building resumes after much debate and questions on Gaudi's plans
• 1984- Crypt is declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site
• 2010- Church is declared a minor basilica
• 2011-present- Construction is accelerated thanks to modern technology
• 2025- surpasses Ulm Minster as tallest church in the world
• Significance: It is the monumental landmark of Barcelona and one of the greatest Catholic churches of the modern era (and it's still not even finished yet). I am very grateful to have seen this with my own eyes and walked inside the church in 2017. Gaudi's design is truly in a category of it's own, like a massive crown or forest of enormous spires (18 total towers). The outer exterior is showered in excessive carvings, reliefs, and sculptures. The interior carries on with the natural theme of a forest, with colorful illumination. The massive columns look like trees that branch upward holding up the gigantic nave. Stained-glass windows pour in with brilliant colorful lights. It is truly a surreal and modern sight to behold that glorifies Christ, mother Mary, and St. Joseph as the sacred family.
  

3. Church of the Holy Sepulcher

• 
  Location: Jerusalem, Israel
• Construction Period: 326-335; rebuilt (1009-1048)
  
• Dedicated to: Crucifixion and Resurrection of Christ
• Commissioned by: Constantine the Great, Saint Helena
• Architectural Style: Paleochristian, Romanesque
• Height: 115 feet
• Famous relics:
• Chapel of the Invention of the Cross
• Golgotha- Rock of the Crucifixion
• Stone of the Anointing
• Famous tombs:
• Empty tomb of Jesus Christ
• Historical events:
• 326-335- Site is explored and identified by Constantine's mother Saint Helena. The church is built over a pagan temple
• 614- Church is damaged by a Persian invasion
• 1048- Byzantine reconstruction
• 12th century- Crusader kingdom renovates the church
• Significance: This is the sacred site where Jesus was crucified and buried in the tomb of Joseph of Arimethea. It was also here that Saint Helena discovered the true crosses buried underground. The pagan temple was destroyed and the land was excavated and flattened so as to all fit in one single church. The church consists of several significant chambers that glorify the events of the Passion of the Christ. The church is celebrated more so for it's religious significance then it's architectural significance, however it does still stand out as a massive building near the sacred center of Jerusalem. It's defining feature are it's two massive grey domes with golden crosses. The larger rotunda holds the tomb of Christ and is surrounded by columns, piers, and devotional shrines. It has an underground feel to it, with dark chambers and candles as if you're walking thru a cave. The design is meant for pilgrims and is the final few stations of the cross along the Via Dolorosa walk. It has so much sacred history and is certainly on my bucket list.
  

2. Mont Saint Michael Abbey

• 
  Location: Manche, Normandy, France
  
• Construction Period: 1023-1523
• Dedicated to: Saint Michael the Archangel
• Comissioned by: Bishop Aubert of Avranches
• Architectural style: Romanesque and Gothic
• Height: 508 feet including rocky mount and top of Saint Michael statue
• Famous relics:
• Skull of Saint Aubert (Who first received the vision to build this monastery)
• Historical events: 
• 708-709- Bishop Aubert of Avranches receives visions from Michael the Archangel to build a church on the rocky mount.
• 847- Viking raid destroys and loots the church
• 966- Benedictine abbey established in Normandy
• 1023-1066- 1st phase of construction of the abbey church
• 1204- Destruction and rebuilding
• 1337-1453- Used as a military fortification during the Hundred Years War. Was never captured by the English
• 1793-1863- Was converted into a prison during the French Revolution
• 1979- Was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site
• 2001-present- Returned to being a Monastic fraternity
• Significance: This is an incredible Catholic monastery in Normandy I have written about many times now. Although it is not officially a basilica or cathedral there is no other monastery that even compares in grandiose scale and so I want to include it with the other major Catholic wonders. I'll focus mostly on the abbey church that sits atop a vertical stacking hill on a rocky island. The monastery looks like something out of a fantasy movie (Return of the King Minas Tirith to be exact). The spire is the central emphasis of the structure that gives the whole thing it's counterpoint. On top of the spire is a statue of Saint Michael the archangel slaying a dragon. Inside the abbey church is nothing too artistic or colorful, however the rock structure of the nave with it's ceilings makes for an impressive sight. There are also large glass windows at the top interior that bring light shining into the main aisle of the church. This church was prominently featured in the film To the Wonder, and has ever since been on my bucket list.
  

1. St. Peter's Basilica

• 
  Location: Vatican City
  
• Construction Period: 4th century- 1400s (1st Basilica); 1506-1626
  
• Dedicated to: St. Peter
• Commissioned by: Pope Julius II
• Architect: Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Gian Lorenzo Bernini
• Architectural Style:
• Height: 448 feet
• Famous relics:
• The tomb and baldacchino of St. Peter
• The Pieta (Michelangelo's sculpture)
• Veronica's Veil
• The Holy Lance
• Fragment of the True Cross
• The Skull of Saint Andrew
• Th Chair of Saint Peter
• Famous tombs:
• Saint Peter
• Saint Simon
• Saint Jude
• Saint Pope Gregory the Great
• Saint Pope Leo the great
• Saint John Chrysostom
• Saint Pope John Paul II
• Many other Papal tombs in the underground Grottoes
• Queen Christina of Sweden (one of the few non-popes to be buried here)
• Historical events:
• 64-67 AD- St. Peter is believed to be martyred in Rome during the reign of Nero
• 320-330- Constantine orders a basilica be built directly over Peter's tomb
• 1506- Pope Julius II orders the old basilica be demolished and replaced by a newer one
• 1546- Michelangelo becomes chief architect and provides many famous Renaissance paintings
• 1626- Current structure is completed after 120 years
• 1656-1667- Bernini builds St. Peter's square
• 
  1870- End of Papal States
• 1929- Vatican City established with St. Peters Basilica as it's main landmark
• Significance: It is the largest and most famous church in the world, considered the capitol of the Catholic Church (strange that it is in Rome and not Jerusalem). The basilica is the center-point of what really is a sanctuary complex of multiple buildings, referred to as St. Peter's square. The basilica is built in the neo-classical fashion with it's giant columns, and massive central dome. The statues on the top are the 11 apostles, with John the Baptist, and Jesus Christ at the center holding the cross. There are two clocks on each edge surrounded by angels. There is then a curved colonnade with 284 columns and 148 statues of the saints. At the center of the plaza is a giant Egyptian obelisk that was built in 1850 BC and was relocated from Egypt to Rome by emperor Caligula (the stone is nearly 4000 years old). The interior is even more awe-inspiring with it's high marble nave, where the walls and ceilings are covered in gold leaf, sunken panels, and incredible Renaissance art. The mosaic of the dome is astounding as it brings it rays of light thru it's windows, as if the heavens and holy spirt are shining down below. At the center is an icon of God the father surrounded by Jesus, Mary, the angels, saints, and bishops of the church. The centerpiece of the church is the Baldacchino designed by Bernini which contains the tomb of Saint Peter. It stands nearly 90 feet tall with twisted columns of elaborate bronze and golden detail. Michelangelo's Pieta is also a major highlight of the church, one of the most famous sculptures in history. It's truly like walking into a warehouse of pure heavenly art. I made it to St. Peter's Square in 2017 however did not set foot in the basilica due to the very long line. This is still very much so on my bucket list.