Hagiography: The Doctors of the Church

Now we move to the top of the class. Theologian class that is. These are the brilliant minds who helped shape the doctrine of the Catholic Church thru their understanding of the scriptures. They are referred to as doctors because of their theological wisdom and holy devotion to the church of Christ. The Catholic church as we know it today was not simply ready to go on day 1 after Christ's Ascension. It took years of evolution to build the church thru sacrifice (the martyrs), ascetic practice (the monastics), evangelizing (the confessors), and scriptural study (the doctors). These doctors helped define the common principles of the Catholic faith that we know of today such as the holy trinity, the blessed sacraments, and eternal life. 

I truly believe the word of Jesus was passed along from disciple-to-disciple and generation-to-generation. Those who witnessed Christ, carried on his holy message thru preaching but also thru written text. There are many testaments of Jesus Christ, all with a common theme that he was the son-of-God sent to save us from sin. Over time the doctors helped organize all this scriptural data into a structured canon. From the 100-300s it was accepted by the early church fathers that the four gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John were most in sync with one another. Thus these four texts became the foundation of Christian doctrine while the other gospels (Thomas, Philip, and Mary) were considered gnostic (abstract theory). 

By around 300-500 AD the core pillars of the church began to develop into the doctrine we know it as today. These pillars included the Holy Trinity (that God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit were all one) the pillar of the Divine Incarnation (Jesus was both God and human), the pillar of salvation thru grace, the pillar of the church (as the body of Christ), the pillar of scripture (as the word of God), the pillar of the sacraments, the pillar of the Eucharist Transubstantiation (where the bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ), the pillar of morality (how to live life thru the Beatitudes), the pillar of Mary as the Theotokos (Mother of God), the pillar of the saints (holy examples of Christ), and the pillar of eternal life (heaven, purgatory, and hell). 

Perhaps later I'll make a deep dive on Christian theology, but for now I want to celebrate the brains behind that theology. The Catholic church recognizes 38 official Doctors of the Church. The four Great Greek Doctors include Athanasius of Alexandria, Basil the Great, Gregory of Nazianzus, and John Chrysostom. The Four Great Latin Doctors are Augustine of Hippo, Jerome, Ambrose, and Pope Gregory the Great. I excluded Bernard of Clairvaux on this list since I put him in my monastic saints study. I did however include Bridget of Sweden and Saint Gregory of Nyssa who was one of the early church Cappadocian fathers. There have also been many proposed doctors by the church that deserve an honorable mention here. They include John Cassian, Gertrude the Great, Thomas More, Carlo Borromeo, Pope John Paul II, and Pope Benedict XVI. 

Greek Eastern Fathers


Saint Ireanus

• 
  Years: 125-202 AD (77 years)
  
• Nationality: Smyrna, Anatolia (Roman Empire)
• Life: He was a student of Polycarp, and thus a student of John the apostle, and continued preaching his word. He eventually traveled from Turkey to settle in Lyons, France (Roman Gaul) where he was elected bishop in 177 AD. During his administration he fought fiercely against the growing branch of Christian Gnosticism which claimed the truth was secret. He declared this as a form of heresy against the already established church doctrine. His theological manifesto Against Heresies claimed the truth was not a secret but taught in the open according to Jesus, who passed it on the the apostles, who passed it on the church and the clergy. He is considered one of the first doctors of the church in establishing the church doctrine. It is not clear whether he died as a martyr or of old age.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Theologians, Catechists
• Symbols: Books, bishop vestments, teaching gesture
• Philosophical School: Apostolic Realism, Anti-Gnostic Theology
• Feast Day: June 28
• Famous Churches:
• Saint-Irenee Church (Lyon, France)- 4th century; 1824-1830 rebuilt- His tomb and relics were destroyed during the French Wars of 1562, however his crypt still remains

Saint Clement of Alexandria

• Years: 150-215 (65 years)
• 
  Nationality: Alexandria, Greece (Roman Empire)
  
• Life: He was an important early Christian theologian well versed and educated in Greek philosophy. He was essential at bridging Greek philosophy with Christian theology. He establish challenged the nature of pagans and Greek mythology in favor for the Christian God. He was a writer and an educator and produced many notable works and ideas of early Christian doctrine. He later became head of the Alexandrian Catechetical School, an early academy for Christian converts and philosophers. He was essentially in favor of Gnostism, the Christian faith, mysticism, but also in reason. Some considered him an early heretic for trying to infuse western philosophy with Christian theology, but he was later venerated as a true Christian saint for the betterment of the faith.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Philosophy, Theology, scholars, teachers
• Symbols: Book or scroll, philosopher's cloak, cross with a book, teacher's chair
• Philosophical school: Alexandrian Platonism
• Feast Day: Dec 4

Saint Athanasius the Great

• Years: 296-373 (75 years)
• 
  Nationality: Alexandria, Egypt (Roman Empire)
  
• Life: He is considered the father of the Orthodox movement that emerged from Greece and inspired the other four fathers of the Greek Orthodox Church (Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory of Nazianzus, and John Chrysostom. He served as bishop of Alexandria for 45 years where he boldly defended Christianity against paganism. He was persecuted and exiled five times. He was a firm believer of the trinity and fought fervently against the school of Arianism (which separated Jesus from God). He also participated in the Council of Nicaea in 325. During his years in exile he embraced the monastic lifestyle, wrote and studied Saint Anthony, and helped establish some of the early monastic guidelines.
• Cause of Death:
• Patronage: Defender of the faith, theology, bishops, Church of Alexandria
• Symbols: Bishop arguing with a pagan, books
• Philosophical School: Nicene Incarnational Theology
• Feast Day: May 2
• Famous Churches:
• Church of Saint Athanasius (Rome, Italy)- 1580-1583- Greek Byzantine Orthodox headquarters in Rome
• Church of San Zaccaria (Venice, Italy)- 15th century
• St. Marks Coptic Orthodox Cathedral (Abbassia, Egypt)- 1968- Dedicated to Saint Mark, but contains an important shrine to Saint Athanasius

Saint Ephrem the Syrian

• 
  Years: 306-373
  
• Nationality: Nisibis, Syria
• Life: Often referred to as the Harp of the Holy Spirit he spent most his time as a deacon writing in Nisibis and Edessa. He served under Saint Jacob of Nisibis teaching theology while he wrote. He used a unique style of poetry to express his passionate devotion to the faith. His wrote on a range of topics from God's incarnation, the importance of Mary, the eucharist, and the church's doctrine. He refused promotion and lived an ascetic life so he could focus on his hymns and poetry. He was declared a Doctor of the Church for his creative and profound use of liturgy to develop Christian theology. He is especially venerated in Syriac Eastern Christianity but also is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church. He is considered the founder of the School of Nisibis, alongside Saint Jacob, often referred to as the first academic university in history.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Poets, hymn-writes, spiritual teachers
• Symbols: Harp, scroll, flame, monk
• Philosophical School: Symbolic theology, Mystagogical
• Feast Day: June 9
• Famous Churches:
• Eglise Saint-Ephrem-le-Syriaque (Paris, France)- 13th century- Primary church dedicated to Saint Ephrem

Saint Cyril of Jerusalem

• 
  Years: 313-386 (73 years)
  
• Nationality: Maritima, Palestine
• Life: Cyril began as a deacon in Jerusalem and by 350 rose to the post of bishop thru his theological writings. He faced a difficult civil dispute within the Christian church in Jerusalem over the Arian debate. These tensions were all the more increased by his rivalry with the Archbishop Acacius of Caesarea who fervently supported Arianism. His 23 Catechetical lectures are his claim to fame where he argues in favor of the Nicene Creed, and the sacraments of baptism, confirmation, and the Eucharist. He emphasized that the eucharist is not just bread and wine, but to be seen as the body and blood of Christ. He was exiled 3 times during his time as bishop due to political issues, but later vindicated in 381 at the Council of Constantinople.
• Cause of Death:
• Patronage: Catechists, liturgy
• Symbols: Bishop robes, scroll, cross of the Holy Sepulcher
• Philosophical School: Liturgical-catechetical, mystagogue
• Feast Day: March 18

Saint Gregory of Nazianzus

• 
  Years: 329-390 (61 years)
  
• Nationality: Cappadocia, Anatolia, Turkey
• Life: Another great theologian from Turkey who played a crucial role in establishing early doctrine. He was born into a devout Christian family and became friends with Basil the Great and his brother Greg of Nyssa to establish the circle known as the Cappadocian Father. He served as a priest, a bishop, and a patriarch of Constantinople. The components of his theology were centered on the trinity (one divine essence that was made up of three distinct persons- God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit). He was also a well versed poet and orator. He introduced some Greek Hellenism concepts into modern day theology and is venerated in both Catholic and the Orthodox churches.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Theologians, Preachers, sermons, poets, writers, church politics
• Symbols: Bishop robes, books, scrolls, bald head with long white beard
• Philosophical School: Cappadocian Trinitarian Platonism
• Feast Day: Jan 2
• Famous Churches:
• St. George's Cathedral (Istanbul, Turkey)- 1601-Holds relics and bones of Basil the Great, Gregory the Nazianzus, and John Chyrsostom.
• Chuch of San Gregorio Nazianzeno (Rome, Italy)- 4th century- Houses the relics of St. Gregory

Saint Basil the Great

• Years: 330-379
• 
  Nationality: Cappadocia, Roman Empire (modern day Turkey)
  
• Life: He was a great theologian who focused on works of charity as well as the monastic guidelines. He later became Bishop of Cappadocia in Anatolia where he continued to help evolve church doctrine. He helped define new theory on the holy spirit, the Nicene Creed, charity works, as well as establishing new monastic communal rules. He worked alongside Gregory of Nazianzus and Gregory of Nyssa to be referred to as the Cappadocian Fathers. For all his theological contribution he is considered one of the early Church fathers. He is also considered a great leader in the Eastern Orthodox Church.
• Cause of Death: Liver disease
• Patronage: Russia, hospital administration, reformers, monks, education, exorcism, liturgists
• Symbols: Bishop robes, holding a gospel book or scroll, long black beard
• Philosophical School: Cappadocian Christian Platonism, 
• Feast Day: January 1
• Famous Churches:
• Basilica of St. Basil (Caesarea, Turkey)- 4th Century- Episcopal seat of Saint Basil considered his theological command center.
• Monastery of St. Basil (Cappadocia)- 5th century- Monastic site of Basil's early practice in the caves.

Saint Gregory of Nyssa

• Years: 335-394 (59 years)
• 
  Nationality: Cappadocia, Anatolia, Turkey
  
• Life: He was the younger brother of Basil the Great, one of the three Cappadocian Fathers from Turkey, and also one of the three great Gregs in Christian theology. He was bishop from 372-376 and worked tirelessly on Christian doctrine, most notably the important of the human soul and spirituality. He was present at the Council of Nicene that helped further establish Christian doctrine. His specialty was a focus on mysticism, anthropology, infinitude of God, and the holy trinity.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Theology, mysticism, academia
• Symbols: Bishop robes, books, scrolls, blessing gesture
• Philosophical School: Cappadocian Mystical Platonism  
• Feast Day: Jan 10
• Famous Churches:
• Saint Gregory of Nyssa (Trabzon, Turkey)- 1280-1297 (The church was destroyed in 1930)

Saint John Chrysostom

• 
  Years: 347-407 (59 years)
  
• Nationality: Roman Syria
• Life: He is another of the great theologians and doctors of the church that are celebrated in western and eastern orthodox. He is considered one of the Three Holy Hierarchs (along with Basil the Great and Gregory of Nazianzus) known for their important role in the early foundation of the church. He is referred to as Chrysostom which means "golden-mouthed" in reference to his great preaching. As archbishop of Constantinople he played an influential role in Christine doctrine. His greatest contribution was understanding the scripture and how to put it into practice thru prayer and liturgy. He was very outspoken against the powerful elite, and was eventually deposed and exiled.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Constantinople, education, epilepsy, lecturers, public speakers, preachers
• Symbols: Bishop robes, scrolls, blessing gesture, fasting, large forehead, balding dark hair, beehive, white dove, pan, chalice, pen
• Philosophical School: Antiochene Pastoral Exegeticism
• Feast Day: Sept 13
• Famous Churches:
• St. George's Cathedral (Istanbul, Turkey)- 1601-Holds relics and bones of Basil the Great, Gregory the Nazianzus, and John Chrysostom.

Saint Cyril of Alexandria

• Years: 376-444
• 
  Nationality: Alexandria, Egypt
  
• Life: He demonstrated great understanding of the scripture and was influenced by other theologians from Alexandria such as Athanasius and Dydmus the Blind. He eventually became a patriarch of Alexandria in 412 overseeing tense religious disputes among Christians, pagans, and Jews. He publicly debated Nestorius the Patriarch of Constantinople over the divine importance of mother Mary. Cyril claimed that Mary is the Theotokos (Mother of God) because she gave birth to Jesus who was the divine human form of God. His also made many other contributions in early theology such as truth behind the scriptures and the importance of the sacraments. His theology played a central role at the Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Alexandria
• Symbols: Bishope robes, holding a gospel book
• Philosophical School: Alexandrian, Christian platonism
• Feast Day: June 27

Saint John of Damascus

• Years: 675-749 (72 years)
  
• 
  Nationality: Damascus, Umayyad Caliphate (Syria)
• Life: He lived his whole life in Syria under Muslim rule, which was tolerant of Christians. He was highly educated by a famed monk named Cosmas who taught him Greek philosophy, scripture, and many other things. He eventually became a monk at Mar Saba outside of Jerusalem where he worked on theology thru preaching, writing, and hymns. During this time some of his most famous works included The Fountain of Knowledge (philosophy, heresies, and the structure of the Orthodox church), On the Divine Images (defense of icons in the church). He was the first outspoken Christian on the heresy of Islam, and saw Muhammad as the false prophet. He vigorously defended the use of Christian icons during the Iconoclasm dispute in the Byzantine Empire (he claimed once God became flesh thru the Incarnation he was visible). He is seen as a pivotal church doctor in bridging Greek philosophy with the western patristic tradition.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Pharmacists, iconographers, theology students
• Symbols: Severed hand, icon
• Philosophical School: Neoplatonism
• Feast Day: Dec 4
• Famous Churches:
• Monastery of Mar Saba (Judean Desert, Syria)-5th century- The monastery where he lived for most of his life and is buried here.

Latin Western Fathers

Saint Hilary of Poitiers

• 
  Years: 310-367
  
• Nationality: Pictavium, Roman Gaul (France)
• Life: He is often considered the Athanasius of the West because he was educated in Greek and Latin philosophy. He used this scholarly education to bridge ancient philosophy with newer Christian theology. He was a fierce supporter of the Holy Trinity against the Arianism movement that felt Jesus was separate from God. He even came at odds with emperors over this topic and was exiled for a brief period. During his later lifetime he became bishop of Poitiers where he continued his doctrinal writings. He worked to unite the church throughout Gaul (modern day France) and even mentored future Saint Martin of Tours.
• Cause of Death:
• Patronage: Theologians, bishops, students
• Symbols: Bishop robes, mitre, crozier, long beard
• Philosophical School: Nicene Latin Trinitarinism
• Feast Day: Jan 13
• Famous Churches:
• Church of Saint Hilary the Great (Poitiers, France)- 11th century- Built over the original tomb of St. Hilary
• Eglise Saint-Hilaire (Melle, France)- 11th century

Saint Ambrose

• 
  Years: 340-397
  
• Nationality: Belgian Gaul, Roman Empire
• Life: He was raised in a wealthy family practicing law and eventually was appointed as a governor in Milan, Italy. In the year 374 after the bishop of Milan died, the people declared that he be their next bishop. He protested this election as he wasn't even baptized nor a devout Christian, however nonetheless the council appointed him as the new bishop. Once he assumed the office, Ambrose underwent a mysterious transition more dedicated to the church then the state. He famously declared that the church was above the empire, and had Emperor Theodosius excommunicated for killing thousands of civilians. Ambrose used his education to help expand theological doctrine, including writings in favor of the Holy Trinity and against the school of Arianism. He also provided new biblical interpretations, emphasized the importance of Christian morals, and wrote many Latin hymns referred to as "Ambrosian Chants". His greatest students was St. Augustine, who also went on to be a great doctor of the church. Ambrose is considered one of the four great Latin Doctors of the Church alongside Jerome, Augustine, and Pope Gregory the Great.
• Cause of Death: Old Age
• Patronage: Bees, honey makers, candlemakers, wax merchants, domestic animals, Milan
• Symbols: Bees, honey, books and scrolls
• Philosophical School: Latin Patristic, Trinitarianism
• Feast Day: Dec 7
• Famous Churches:
• Basilica of Sant' Ambrogio (Milan, Italy)- 1099- His burial site alongside the Christian martyrs Gervasius and Protasius
• Basilica di San Simpliciano (Milan, Italy)- 382-386- Founded by Ambrose to honor virgin and monastic values

Saint Jerome

• Years: 342-420 (78 years)
• 
  Nationality: Dalmatia (modern day Croatia)
  
• Life: He was one of the great Christian theologies best known for first translating the bible from Greek and Hebrew to Latin. He was born of a noble family, very educated, and briefly served as a priest and counselor for Pope Damasus I. He eventually decided to give all that up to live a humble monastic life in Syria and Bethlehem. He spent nearly 50 years studying scripture in a meager barn or cave-like setting, so as to feel closer to Jesus. He promoted monastic lifestyle, prayer, biblical study, sexual purity, and strict fasting. Despite his life of solitude, he still became famous during his lifetime and amassed a following of pilgrims overtime. He eventually died of old age but produced many important biblical translations, writings, and commentaries on the bible that helped advance Catholic doctrine.    
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Archeologists, archivists, librarians, bible scholars, education, school, students, translators
• Symbols: Lion, cardinal attire, cross, skull, trumpet, owl, books, pen and paper
• Philosophical school: Scriptural asceticism
• Feast Day: Sept 30
• Famous Churches:
• Church of St. Catherine (Bethlehem, Israel)- 330-565- Has a Grotto of Saint Jerome where it is believed Jerome lived in a cave.
• Basilica of Saint Maria Maggiore (Rome, Italy)- 432- Contains relics dedicated to Saint Jerome including his burial site.
• San Girolamo dei Croati (Rome, Italy)- 1419-1660- Jerome's 1st residence in Rome

Saint Augustine of Hippo

• Years: 354-430
• 
  Nationality: Thagaste, Algeria
  
• Life: He is considered the greatest of the Doctors of the church, a true genius philosopher and theologian. He left his home town of Tagaste, Northern Africa to study philosophy in Milan. He was eventually inspired by the theological preaching of Ambrose and became a Christian convert himself. He quickly rose to prominence, although he south a monastic life, he took on the role of Bishop of Hippo. While in this post he wrote and developed many of his groundbreaking contributions to the Catholic faith. Some of these teachings included the importance of the inner self, the soul, the necessity of grace, human psychology, and the question of evil. His most famous writings include Confessions and City of God. He lived a life in true devotion to God, constantly driving away pleasures of the body such as food, or recreation. He died of old age and is considered one of the 4 great fathers of the Holy Church (alongside Jerome, Gregory, and Ambrose).
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Brewer, printers, theologians, philosophy, sore eyes
• Symbols: Crozier, mitre, young child, book, flaming or pierced heart
• Philosophical School: Augustinianism, metaphysical
• Feast Day: August 28
• Famous Churches:
• San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro (Pavia, Italy)-720-725- Main primary shrine for St. Augustine that includes his burial site
• Basilica of Saint Augustine (Hippo Regius, Algeria)- 4 th century- This was Augustine's church during his time as bishop
• Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine (St. Augustine, Florida)- 1793-1797- Oldest catholic parish in the United States

Saint Peter Chrysologus

• Years: 380-450
• 
  Nationality: Imola, Roman Empire
  
• Life: He was known as a great passionate preacher with a deep understanding of the scriptures. He began as a deacon but was then elevated to Bishop of Ravenna in 433, which had become the brief capital of the Roman Empire in the west. He became known as the Golden-worded due to his fiery sermons in support of the Theotokos (Mary being the mother of God) and Orthodox Christianity. He was a fierce advocate for the Holy Trinity and the humanity of Christ. His sermons were preserved in written form, which shaped his theological impact as a Doctor of the Church.
• Cause of Death:
• Patronage: Preachers, homolists, catechists
• Symbols: Book, scrool, bishop robes, raised hand, bee or honeycomb
• Philosophical School: Latin pastoral
• Feast Day: July 30
• Famous Churches:
• Cattedrale di San Cassiano (Imola, Italy)- 1187-1271- Cathedral dedicated to Saint Cassiano, however contains the burial tomb of Saint Peter Chrysologus

Saint Pope Leo the Great

• Years: 391-461 (69 years)
• 
  Nationality: Tuscany, Roman Empire (Italy)
  
• Life: He is one of the three great popes alongside Gregory and Nicholas. He began as a deacon from Tuscany, who quickly ascended the ranks thru his administrative and diplomatic skills. He won favor with bishops and emperors and was eventually elected pope in 440 AD. His greatest contribution to Christian theology came with the Tome to Flavian which defined Christ as one person with two natures (dive and humane). This document was a centerpiece at the Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD. He also defined the important role of the papacy as the chief spokesperson of the church. He played a major historical role in 452 when he was able to convince Attila the Hun to not sack Rome (apparently Attila was moved by the man's holiness). Rome was later sacked in 455 by the Vandals in which he helped negotiate terms to protect his people. His theological concepts were preserved in his sermons as well as his many letters.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Popes, church leaders, diplomacy, peacemaking
• Symbols: Papal robes, book, St. Peter the Apostle, keys
• Philosophical School: Latin Realism, Chalcedonism
• Feast Day: Nov 10
• Famous Churches:
• St. Peter's Basilica (Vatican City)- 1506-1626- He was the first pope to be buried in St. Peter's Basilica
• Chiesa di San Leone I (Rome, Italy)- 1950-1952- Dedicated to Pope Leo with many mosaics celebrating his role in shaping the church
• San Leone Magno dei Fratelli Maristi (Rome, Italy)- 1954

Saint Pope Gregory the Great

• Years: 540-604 (64 years)
  
• 
  Nationality: Rome (Roman Empire)
• Life: Born of a wealthy family, he had a notable position as a prefect of Rome until he gave it all up to pursue a monastic life. He was very well-educated and despite his desire to live a quiet life in prayer he was quickly called upon by the church to serve as a papal ambassador. From here he continued to write and contribute much to the structure of the Christian church. Eventually he became pope in 590 despite his objections. He strengthened the Papacy during his tenure as well as defended Rome against barbarian invasions. He made major contributions to church reform, charity, administration, finances, and even standardized sacred chants (later known as Gregorian chants). He was also a key player in the Christianization of England with St. Augustine of Canterbury. For all these contributions to the advancement of the church he is known as Saint Gregory the Great and is often depicted with a dove that represents his connection to the Holy Spirit.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Musicians, singers, students, teachers
• Symbols: Dove, Quill, Papal robes
• Philosophical school: Pastoral Augustinianism
• Feast Day: Sept 3
• Famous Churches:
• San Gregorio Magno al Cielo (Rome, Italy)- 570- Was once his personal villa
• St. Peter's Basilica- Altar of St. Gregory (Rome, Italy)- A shrine within the famous basilica that has important relics of St. Gregory

Saint Isidore of Seville

• Years: 550-636
• 
  Nationality: Cartago Spartaria, Visigoth Kingdom (Spain)
  
• Life: He came from a family that was very invested in the Catholic church. His brother Leander played a big role in converting the Visigoth Kingdom, while his sister Florentina was a religious administrator and their brother Fulgentius was a bishop. Isidore was especially drawn to the theological aspects of the church and was highly educated in Latin and grammar. He eventually succeeded his brother Leander as bishop of Seville where he continued to contribute to the conversion of the Germanic Visigoths as well as theological doctrine. He was one of the key facilitators of the Council of Toledo that established stronger church law. He wrote an Encyclopedia known as the Etymolgoiae which ranged on topics of grammar, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, law, theology, scripture, history, geography, agriculture, architecture, animals, plants, and so many other scientific topics. This work became his masterpiece that was the most important scholarly book of the Middle Ages. His theology emphasized the role of faith thru learning where wisdom could offer salvation. As his death approached he gave away most of his possessions to the poor and made a final public statement that he himself was a sinner.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Students, computers, programmers, Seville
• Symbols: Bees, Old bishop, pens, books,
• Philosophical School: Etymology, Augustinianism
• Feast Day: April 4
• Famous Churches:
• Royal Basilica of San Isidoro (Leon, Spain)- 1063- Holds many of the relics of St. Isidore and other kings and queens
• Church of San Isidoro (Seville, Spain)- 13th century- Dedicated to Seville's Patron saint

Medieval Scholastics

Saint Bede the Venerable

• 
  Years: 673-735 (61 years)
  
• Nationality: Kingdom of Northumbria (Anglo-Saxon, England)
• Life: He was a scholarly Benedictine monk, priest, and teacher who spent most of his life at the Wearmouth and Jarrow monasteries in Anglo-Saxon England. He spent most of his life reading and writing, which included deep studies on history and theology. His greatest claim to fame was his Ecclesiastical History of the English People (written in 731). This was not only a comprehensive history of the church but also of England that included many Roman sources and letters. He also popularized the dating reference of Anno Domini (AD) which eventually became the standard for historical years. Many of his writings were used for the clergy as instructional books and for this he is often considered a doctor of the church.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: English writers, historians, monks
• Symbols: Book, quill
• Philosophical School: Benedictine, Historical Exegeticism
• Feast Day: May 25
• Famous Churches:
•  St. Paul's Church, Jarrow (Tyne and Wear, England)- 685- The monastery church that Bede spent much of his time.
• St. Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth (Sunderland, England)- 674- Early monastery where Bede was educated. Oldest church in England.
• Durham Cathedral (Durham, England)- 1093- Has a shrine dedicated to St. Bede with his tomb and relics

Saint Peter Damian

• 
  Years: 1007-1073
  
• Nationality: Ravenna, Papal States (Vatican City)
• Life: Orphaned as a child he was taken in by his brother who was a priest and helped mold his theological calling. He later joined the hermitage-monastery of Fonte Avellana seeking a life of monastic asceticism. He displayed such great discipline in prayer, fasting, and manual labor that he was later promoted to being the leader of the monastery. From here he was called upon to intervene on church affairs (despite his wish to live a quiet hermit life in prayer). In 1051 he wrote the Liber Gomorrhianus, a scathing criticism of the church's misconduct and sexual scandals. In 1057 he was elevated to Cardinal-bishop of Ostia, also against his will. As cardinal he intervened on internal disputes, supporting the papal authority, as well as reforming the clergy's discipline. He was seen as an important defender of the church's holiness against medieval corruption and scandals.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Theologians, monks, hermits, church reformers
• Symbols: Monk robes, book, scroll, cardinal insignia
• Philosophical School: Patristic, Augustinian, monastic theology
• Feast Day: Feb 21
• Famous Churches:
• Abbey/Hermitage of Fonte Avellana (Marche, Italy)- 10th century- Monastery where St. Peter Damian began as a monk
• Faenza Cathedral (Faenza, Italy)- 1474-1515- Dedicated to St. Peter the apostle however contains a chapel dedicated to St. Peter Darmian with his tomb and relics

Saint Anselm of Canterbury

• Years: 1033-1109
• 
  Nationality: Burgundy, Holy Roman Empire
  
• Life: As a young man he was convinced by the Blessed Lanfranc of Bec to join his Benedictine monastery in France. Anselm displayed great intellectual hunger and quickly advanced to replace Lanfranc as abbot of the monastery. He approached all his theological studies with the belief that faith was the foundation and all other knowledge came from that. Thru this creed he wrote many philosophical and theological works that used reason to understand the will of God. One of his more famous works, Cur Deus Homo, addresses the reason of the incarnation, why God chose to become man. Anselm explains that God took the form of Christ, so he could repay all the sins of mankind so that they could achieve salvation. Anslem later became archbishop of Canterbury against his will, but continued with his theological work pushing for a separation of the church and state (The Investiture Controversary). This fight against the English royalty had him exiled twice during the later part of his life.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Theologians, philosophers, scholars
• Symbols: Mitre, pallium, crozier, books, a ship
• Philosophical School: Scholasticism, Neoplatonism, Augustinianism
• Feast Day: April 21
• Famous Churches:
• Canterbury Cathedral (Canterbury, England)- 12 th century- Contains a chapel dedicated to St. Anselm which has his tomb and relics
• Abbey of Bec (Normandy, France)- 1034- Where Anselm served as a monk and abbot for a while before becoming archbishop
• St. Anselm's Church (Aosta, Italy)- 15th century- Anselm's birthplace.

Saint Anthony of Padua

• Years: 1195-1231 (35 years)
• 
  Nationality: Lisbon, Portugal
  
• Life: He was highly educated in scripture, theology, and many languages before joined the Franciscan order. He was inspired by the Moroccon Martyrs led by Saint Bernard of Carbio who were killed in 1220 by Muslims. Anthony took on their example of missionary work to keep spreading the faith throughout Northern Africa (which was mostly Muslim territory at the time). He discovered he had a great gift at preaching which attracted massive crowds. He preached on theological topics ranging from the Incarnation, Christology, heresies, corruption, the poor, and repentance. During his missionary work he also performed numerous miracles of healings, conversions, and finding lost things. Despite his short-lived life, the teachings and writings of Anthony were deemed essential church doctrine which earned him the title of Doctor of the Church.
• Cause of Death: Exhaustion
• Patronage: Finding lost things or people, miracles, travelers, pregnancy, harvests, poverty, sterility, the sick, the hungry, the elderly, sailors, fishermen, mail-carriers
• Symbols: Friar robes, book, tonsure, holding baby Jesus
• Philosophical School: Augustinian, Franciscan theology
• Feast Day: June 13
• Famous Churches:
• Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua (Padua, Italy)- 1232-1310- Major church dedicated to him with his burial tomb
• Basilica de Santo Antonio (Lisbon, Portugal)- 17th century- Built near the birthplace of St. Anthony

Saint Albert the Great

• Years: 1200-1280
• 
  Nationality: Cologne, Holy Roman Empire
  
• Life: As a young student Albert Magnus studied at the University of Padua where he excelled on the topic of philosophy with an emphasis on the works of Aristotle. He was also very devout in his faith and joined the Dominican order where he continued his studies and writing. He established groundbreaking writings on the differences between natural science and theology using empirical evidence. He ultimately sought to separate faith and reason as two different branches entirely. He later began to teach at the University of Paris, where one of his most famous students was the great theologian Thomas Aquinas. Albert was eventually made Bishop of Regensburg in 1260 a post he reluctantly accepted for a brief two years. Thru his experiments with science and alchemy he is often thought to be a magician, however this is mostly legend. His true devotion was to theological and scientific research which made hm a celebrated doctor of the church.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Natural science, medicine, philosophers, scientists, alchemists,
• Symbols: Dominican robes, mitre, book, quill
• Philosophical School: Aristotelianism, empirical realism, theological humility
• Feast Day: Nov 15
• Famous Churches:
• Basilica of St. Andreas & Albert the Great (Cologne, Germany)- 10th century- Although dedicated to St. Andrew, it also gives homage to St. Albert who was born in Cologne. His tomb and relics are kept here.
• Sant'Andrea delle Fratte (Rome, Italy)- 1604- Has an altar and chapel dedicated to St. Albert
• Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino (Rome, Italy)- 1896- Benedictine academic center dedicated to St. Anselm and Saint Albert

Saint Bonaventure

• 
  Years: 1221-1274
  
• Nationality: Latium, Italy
• Life: As a sick child he was miraculously healed by the prayers of St. Francis of Assisi. Naturally he later joined the Franciscan Order in 1243 and studied at the University of Paris. He excelled in philosophy and theology which helped him become the Minister General of the Franciscan Order at age 40. At this point Bonaventure decided to reformat the order so it put more emphasis on St. Francis and supporting those in poverty. His theological views were that all knowledge came from God, and that thru that knowledge one should love. His most famous work The Journey of the Mind into God explains the mystical union with God. In that all creation, nature, and history follow a trajectory towards finding salvation in God. He also worked closely with fellow theologian Thomas Aquinas. He was elected cardinal of Albano in his final years and was a key figure at the Second Council of Lyons in 1274.
• Cause of Death: Poisoned
• Patronage: Theologians, scholars, teachers, Franciscan order
• Symbols: Books, quill, crucifix, red cardinals hat
• Philosophical School: Franciscan, Augustinian, Scholaticism, Neoplatonism, Philosphical realism, medieval realism
• Feast Day: July 14
• Famous Churches:
• Basilica Saint-Bonaventure (Lyon, France)- 1325-1327- Original church was expanded to be dedicated to St. Bonaventure with his burial tomb. Many of his original relics were destroyed during the French Wars of Religion in 1562 and later during the French Revolution. His right arm is the most notable bodily relic that still exists.
• Tempietto di San Bonaventura (Bagnoregio, Italy)- 17th century- Dedicated to the birthplace of the saint

Saint Thomas Aquinas

• Years: 1225-1274 (49 years)
  
• Nationality: Roccasecca, Kingdom of Sicily
• Life: He received a through education at Monte Cassino, the University of Naples, and University of Paris before fully devoting himself to the Dominican order. In his early years as a friar he studied under the great Albertus Magnus. Aquinas showed great understanding of philosophy such as Aristotle and used some of his reasoning to bridge certain gaps in Christian theology. His most famous writing known as the Summa Theologia thoroughly explains the metaphysical proof of God's existence. He also emphasized the truth of God, the importance of grace and virtue, as well as God's presence in the Eucharist. He received many mystical divine experiences throughout his life, most notably towards the end. His efforts to bridge reason with faith were seen as groundbreaking and led to his canonization as saint and Doctor of the Church.
• Cause of Death: Illness
• Patronage: Academics, against storms and lightning, apologists, booksellers, schools, chastity, Italy, learning, philosophers, publishers, scholars
• Symbols: Model church, theological book, the sun on a chest
• Philosophical School: Thomism
• Feast Day: Jan 28
• Famous Churches:
• Church of the Jacobins (Toulouse, France)- 13th century- Considered the mother church of the Dominican order, it contains a shrine of Aquina's relics and tomb
• Basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva (Rome, Italy)- 1280-1370 Contains some of his relics and art dedicated to him

Mystical Doctors

Saint Gregory of Narek

• 
  Years: 945-1003 (60 years)
  
• Nationality: Kingdom of Vaspurakan (Armenia/Turkey)
• Life: Born in the Kingdom of Vaspurakan (Armenia, modern day Turkey) he spent most of his life as a monk in the Monastery of Narek. Known as an introspective person always in prayer his claim to fame was his many theological writings. His Book of Lamentations was his claim to fame with 95 poetic prayers addressed to God. This work is often compared with Augustine's Confessions or even the biblical books of Psalms or the Proverbs. This book was often used as a companion to the bible, but also as a book of healing. His theology embraced God's infinite mercy since humanity was born of sin and must continue to pray to find salvation. He is celebrated in both the Orthodox and Catholic church for his contributions to theological doctrine.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Those suffering from illness, those seeking mercy, poets
• Symbols: Book, writer, monk robes, gesture of humility
• Philosophical School: Neoplatonism, Patristic, Christocentric, Penitential mysticism
• Feast Day: Feb 27
• Famous Churches:
• Monastery of Narek (Lake Van, Turkey)- 925-940- The monastery where St. Gregory spent most of his life. He is also buried here.
• Cathedral of St. Gregory of Narek (Vanadzor, Armenia)- 1990-2001

Saint Hildegard of Bingen

• Years: 1098-1179
• 
  Nationality: Palatine, Holy Roman Empire (Germany)
  
• Life: She received mystical visions from an early childhood which she explained were not dreams but total conscious awake experiences. She was very devout in her faith and later joined a German Benedictine monastery. She is often considered a polymath as she was very skilled in many things, ranging from music, medicine, philosophy, history, and writing. She eventually became abbess of her monastery which she led with great pride. She achieved fame thru her skilled reputation receiving encouragement from big names such as St. Bernard of Clairvaux and even the Pope Eugenius III. She even gave counsel to the Holy Roman emperors. Her three most famous books were Scivia (Explains theology with the creation of the universe), Book of Life's Merits (Describes the spiritual battle of vices and virtues), and Book of Divine Works (describes humanity's place in creation). She also wrote many books on science, emphasizing the importance of "Viriditas" the natural life force of God. She was also a celebrated musician of the Medieval Age, composing over 70 liturgical chants. Surprisingly she was not canonized until 2012, where she was officially recognized as a Doctor of the Church for her theological depth on cosmogony, science, and nature.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Natural science, healers, musicians, writers, poets, female theologians
• Symbols: Flame, light, tongue of fire, book, green vines, dove
• Philosophical School: Mysticism, prophetic symbolism, cosmic Platonism, sapiential theology
• Feast Day: Sept 17
• Famous Churches:
• St. Hildegard Catholic Church (Eibingen, Germany)- 1641- Built on the site of Hildegard's original abbey church. Has a shrine with her tomb and relics.
• Eibingen Abbey (Ebingen, Germany)- 1165- Benedictine monastery founded by Hildegard for nuns. The building was dissolved in 1801 but reopened in 1904. Contains some of her relics.

Saint Bridget of Sweden

• 
  Years: 1303-1373
  
• Nationality: Uppland, Sweden
• Life: She was born into Swedish nobility and experienced visions from Christ at an early age. Despite her calling to Christ, she still accepted an arranged marriage at an early age. The marriage was a good one, and they had eight children together. After her husband died, she began her intense devotional life to Christ living more in prayer and isolation. She continued to receive divine messages from Christ calling her to establish a new religious order. Thru her noble position she was able to work closely with high ranking officials and clergy and urged for reform in the papal states. She also got them to approve her new Order of the Most Holy Savior (Bridgettines), monasteries that included both men and women. During her later life she wrote many mystical writings, prophecies, and theological doctrine that earned her the title of Doctor of the Church.
• Cause of Death:
• Patronage: Sweden, Europe, Widows, Pilgrims, Mothers
• Symbols: Book, scroll, crucifix, pilgrim's staff
• Philosophical School: Revelatory Devotional Mysticism
• Feast Day: July 23
• Famous Churches:
• Vadstena Abbey Church (Vadstena, Sweden)- 14th century- The motherhouse of the Bridgettine order. Saint Bridge is buried here with her relics.
• Uppsala Cathedral (Uppsala, Sweden)- 1272- Holds some of her relics.
• Basilica of Saint Bridget (Rome, Italy)- 1373- Built on the site of her residence.

Saint Catherine of Sienna

• 
  Years: 1347-1380 (33 years)
  
• Nationality: Siena, Italy
• Life: As a young child she began receiving visions from Christ and made a vow to virginity, silence, and fasting. She eventually joined the Dominican Third Order and publicly declared she was married to Christ (with an invisible ring on her finger). Despite her erraticism she still became influential in political and ecclesial affairs thru her deep understanding of theology and the scriptures. She wrote scathing letters criticizing the corruption in the church as well as the papal division between Rome and Avignon. She also got involved in charity work, taking care of plague victims, prisoners, and the poor. Thru her devout mystical prayer she was known to have various instances of stigmata wounds. Despite dying at the young age of 33, she was celebrated for her profound connection with Christ, as well as her theological doctrine.
• Cause of Death: Starvation/malnutrition
• Patronage: Against fire, illness, nurses, sick people, miscarriages
• Symbols: Dominican robes, ring, lily, cherub, crown of thorns, stigmata wound, crucifix, book, heart, skull, dove, rose, church, ship
• Philosophical School: Mysticism, Augustinianism
• Feast Day: April 29
• Famous Churches:
• Basilica Cateriniana of San Domenico (Siena, Italy)- 1226-1265- Contains relics of St. Catherine include her skull
• Shrine of St. Catherine (Siena, Italy)- 14th century- Built on her birthplace site
• Basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva (Rome, Italy)- 1280-1370- Contains her tomb

Saint Theresa of Avila

• Years: 1515-1582
• 
  Nationality: Avila, Kingdom of Castile (Spain)
  
• Life: She was born into a devout Spanish family, well educated, and practiced mystical meditation at a young age. She later joined the convent of the Carmelite Order. She quickly felt that the order was too relaxed and needed stricter reform in the midst of the Counter Reformation. She later worked with John of the Cross to reform the order into a more disciplined branch known as the Discalced Carmelites. She established 17 convents across Spain facing fierce opposition. During this time she also wrote many famous works on theological and mystical practices, such as The Interior Castle. She explained how ecstasy and transverberation could be achieved thru complete pray and meditation. She is considered an important Doctor of the Church for her theological writings on prayer and mysticism.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Spain, sick people, chess, lacemakers, Carmelites
• Symbols: Nun robes, quill, dove, the Holy Spirit
• Philosophical School: Carmelite Interior Mysticism
• Feast Day: Oct 15
• Famous Churches:
• Basilica of Santa Teresa (Avila, Spain)- 1629-1636- Built over her birthplace.
• Convent of the Annunciation (Alba de Tormes, Spain)- 16th century- Place of her death that contains her tomb and relics
• Church of Santa Teresa (Rome, Italy)- 1624

Saint John of the Cross

• Years: 1542-1591
• 
  Nationality: Avila, Kingdom of Castile
  
• Life: As a young orphan he became a Carmelite and later studied theology and philosophy at the University of Salamanca. He was ordained a priest in 1567 and partnered with Teresa of Avila to reform the Carmelite Order. In 1577 he was kidnapped and imprisoned by a group of Carmelites who were against his new strict reforms of their order. After 9 months of terrible suffering he was able to escape and began a new outlook on his faith. This kidnapping inspired him to write Dark Night of the Soul, a spiritual study on achieving purification thru suffering. He was also known for poetic/mystical writings such as the Spiritual Canticle and the Ascent of Mount Carmel. His deep theories on theology, mysticism, and suffering are considered essential church doctrine and thus has made him a Doctor of the Church
• Cause of Death: Skin sickness
• Patronage: Spanish poets, mystics, contemplatives
• Symbols: Monk robes, cross, crucifix, book, quill
• Philosophical School: Carmelite Apophatic Mysticism 
• Feast Day: Dec 14
• Famous Churches:
• Oratory of San Juan de la Cruz (Ubeda, Spain)- 1627- First church dedicated to him on the site of his death
• Convent & Church of San Juan de la Cruz (Segovia, Spain)- 1586- Principle shrine with his tomb and relics.
• Church of San Juan de la Cruz (Avila, Spain)- 17th century- Built in the town of his birthplace

    

Counter Reformation Doctors

Saint John of Avila

• 
  Years: 1499-1568
  
• Nationality: Almodovar del Campo, Kingdom of Castile (Spain)
• Life: He came from an affluential Spanish family and studied law as a young adult before he turned to theology. He was later ordained a priest and went on missionary work in southern Spain (even though he preferred to travel to the New World). He became known for his intense preaching against the corruption of the aristocracy and in favor of reforming the church. He was later imprisoned by the Spanish Inquisition for what was deemed as heresy (more-so political in nature). He was eventually released but this increased his devotion thru suffering and humility. During his lifetime he wrote many theological works and letters such as Audi, Fila which was a guide to spiritual salvation. He also taught many future great saints such as Teresa of Avila, John of the Cross, Francis Borgia, John of God, and Peter of Alcantara. He was seen as an early advocate for the Catholic Revival amidst the threat from the Protestant Reformation. He is known as the Apostle of Andalusia for spending the majority of his time administering the faith to this region in southern Spain.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Andalusia, Spain, Spanish clergy
• Symbols: Crucifix, book, burning heart, priest's cloak
• Philosophical School: Augustinian, Biblical Christocentrism, Pastoral personalism
• Feast Day: May 10
• Famous Churches:
• Basilica-Sanctuary of San Juan de Avila (Montilla, Cordoba)- 1726-1944- Primary shrine that houses his tomb and relics.

Saint Peter Canisius

• 
  Years: 1521-1597 (76 years)
  
• Nationality: Nijmegen, Netherlands
• Life: He was another important figure during the Counter Reformation most notably in northern Europe where the Protestant movement was at it's strongest. He worked as a Jesuit priest expanding on the church's catechism in three books for theologians, students, and young children. He helped strengthen the Catholic church by reforming Jesuit institutions as well as clergy appointments throughout Austria and Germany. He attended the Council of Trent in and even helped influence the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand I. His lasting legacy was keeping the Catholic church strong and relevant in the Central European region.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Catholic press, Germany, Catechism
• Symbols: Books, crucifix, bishop robes, pen
• Philosophical School: Jesuit Scholasticism
• Feast Day: Dec 21
• Famous Churches:
• Saint Peter Canisius Church (Chicago, IL)- 1909
• Pfarrkirche St. Petrus Canisius (Freiburg, Switzerland)- 1899-1900- Held his burial tomb for a while until it was relocated to a Jesuit College he founded in Freiburg

Saint Lawrence of Brindisi

• 
  Years: 1559-1619
  
• Nationality: Brindisi, Kingdom of Naples (Italy)
• Life: He was educated first at a young age by Conventual Franciscans and then Jesuits. As a friar and priest he displayed great understanding of the bible, theology, and linguistics. He was especially outspoken against the Protestant Reformation of the 1500-1600s and debated many of their top intellects. He famously joined Christian armies in battle against the Turks during the Long Turkish War of 1601 where he served as prayer chaplain. He also served as a diplomat and papal envoy to counsel royal disputes on behalf of the church. His true contribution however was in his theological writings which covered topics on the Old Testament as well as defending the Catholic church against the Reformation. He was a crucial player in helping reshape the Catholic Church during its Revival which earned him the title of Doctor of the Church.
• Cause of Death: Sickness
• Patronage: Preachers, scholars, religious debate
• Symbols: Priest robes, bible, crucifix
• Philosophical School: Franciscan School, Augustinianism
• Feast Day: July 21
• Famous Churches:
• Chiesa di San Lorenzo da Brindisi (Rome, Italy)- 1912- Built by the Capuchin Franciscan Order in his honor
• Church of San Lorenzo da Brindisi (Brindisi, Italy)- 1979-1982- His hometown's dedication church
• Convent and Church of the Annunciation (Villafranca del Bierzo, Spain)- 17th century- Near the place of his death. Holds his tomb and relics

Saint Robert Bellarmine

• 
  Years: 1564-1642 (77 years)
  
• Nationality: Pisa, Florence (Italy)
• Life: He studied theology at the University of Padua for some time focusing on the school of Thomism (the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas). After becoming a theological teacher for a while, he was eventually climbed the later to become a Cardinal Inquisitor. He was a key player in defending the church against the Protestant theology that was spreading across Europe. His most important theological writing was the Disputations, which countered every Protestant claim with scriptural evidence supporting the Catholic church. Despite being a stern advocate for Catholic doctrine he was open to scientific theory, such as the claims made by Galileo Galilei. Despite his high position in power he remained a humble man always in prayer and giving to the poor.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Catechists, lawyers, theology
• Symbols: Cardinal robes, books, quill, crucifix
• Philosophical School: Thomism, Scholasticism
• Feast Day: Dec 21
• Famous Churches:
• Church of San Roberto Bellarmino (Rome, Italy)- 1931- Principle church dedicated to him
• Church of Saint Ignatius of Loyola (Rome, Italy)- 1626-1650- Despite being dedicated to Saint Ignatius, Saint Robert Bellarmino has a shrine here with his tomb

Saint Francis de Sale

• 
  Years: 1567-1622 (55 years)
  
• Nationality: Duchy of Savoy, Holy Roman Empire (France)
• Life: Another key defender of the Catholic Church during the divisive era of the Protestant Reformation. He quickly climbed the ladder thru his devout knowledge of the faith to become bishop of Geneva. At the time Geneva had become a Calvinist state so he was in the minority as he sought to administer to the Catholics in the region. He openly advertised to the people of Geneva in a peaceful nature by passing pamphlets of theological Catholic doctrine. His core beliefs were that holiness could be achieved not just by clergy members but also by common folk. He preached in favor of patience and forgiveness and against harsh punishment for minor sins. He was also an advocate for mysticism and spiritual which he explained in his famous book, Introduction to the Devout Life (1609). He later established the Visitation Order of Holy Mary for charitable women to join.
• Cause of Death: Stroke
• Patronage: confessors, deaf people, journalists, writers, Catholic press
• Symbols: Heart pierced with thorns, book, quill, bishops robes, heart of Jesus
• Philosophical School: Scholasticism, Humanism, Pastoral Thomism
• Feast Day: Jan 24
• Famous Churches:
• Basilica of the Visitation (Annecy, France)- 1922-1930- The principle Salesian devotion church with his burial place and relics
• Eglise Saint-Francois-de-Sales (Annecy, France)- 1614-1642- Originally housed his tomb, before it was moved to the Basilica (his relics were protected during the French Revolution)
• St. Francis de Sales Oratory (St. Louis, Missouri)- 1867-1868- One of the more impressive Neo-Gothic cathedrals in America

Saint Alphonsus Liguori

• Years: 1696-1787
• 
  Nationality: Marianella, Naples (Italy)
  
• Life: Born into an aristocratic family, he studied and practiced civil law in Naples during his early adulthood. At the age of 27 he felt the calling to abandon his legal practice to pursue a role in theology. He had grown tired of appeasing the wealthy and felt a new grown dedication to serve the poor. In 1732 he established the Redemptorist Order as missionaries to preach and administer to the poor. During this time he was also an avid theological writer, and published many works such as the Theologia Moralis, a 9 volume book which emphasized the role of the conscience and the mercy of Christ. He also popularized the practice of the Stations of the Cross, as well as devotion to Mary and the Eucharist. Towards the later part of his life he became bishop of Sant'Agata de' Goti where he fought against corruption and defended the poor.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Confessors, moral theologians
• Symbols: Book, bishop robes, crucifix, pen, images of Mother Mary
• Philosophical School: Scholasticism, Thomism, Probabilism
• Feast Day: Aug 1
• Famous Churches:
• Basilica Pontificia di Sant'Alfonso Maria de'Liguori (Pagani, Italy)- 1756-1803- Primary church dedicated to St. Alphonsus that contains his tomb and relics. Also used as a headquarters for the Redemptorists order
• Church of St. Alphonsus Liguroi (Rome, Italy)- 1855-1859- Dedicated to St. Alphonsus, famous for the icon of Our lady of Perpetual Help.

Modern Doctors


Saint Therese of Lisieux

• 
  Years: 1873-1897 (24 years)
  
• Nationality: Alencon, France
• Life: She was born into a very holy French family, of which her parents were the first ever canonized couple, Saint Louis Martin and Saint Zelie Martin (who were canonized long after their daughter). Being raised into such a devout family, naturally Therese had a deep loving for Christ, and joined the Carmelite convent at the age of 15. . She established a new manner in her practice of faith, by celebrating the little details with great affection. She was a firm follower of the devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus. She spent most her time in the convent living a simple life in total prayer, and she died at the young age of 24 due to tuberculosis. However she is made famous by her surviving autobiography which completely details her theological approach to loving God in a "little way". She believed all people could achieve spiritual salvation, thru accepting humility and putting all trust in the lord. Similar to Saint Teresa of Calcutta she confesses in her autobiography, The Story of the Soul, of going thru a dark phase of spiritual doubt towards her end, most likely due to the tuberculosis. However she remained true to her devotional method all throughout the sickness. She is celebrated by the church as a doctor for her manner and written approach of the little way method. She has become one of the most popular saints of the modern age.
• Cause of Death: Tuberculosis
• Patronage: Missionaries, France, those suffering from illness or tuberculosis, florists, gardeners, homeless, orphaned children
• Symbols: Carmelite robes, crucifix covered with roses
• Philosophical School: Existential personalism, minimalism, Carmelite tradition
• Feast Day: Oct 1
• Famous Churches:
• Basilica of Saint Therese of Lisieux (Lisieux, France)- 1929-1954-Largest and most important church dedicated to Saint Theresa built after the boom of her devotees.
• Carmel of Lisieux (Lisieux, France)- 1838- This is the church she attended throughout most her life. Carries her tomb and relics.
• Basilica of the National Shrine of the Little Flower (San Antonio, Texas)- 1926-1931

Saint John Henry Newman

• Years: 1801-1890 (89 years)
• 
  Nationality: London, England
  
• Life: He was ordained as an Anglican priest however quickly joined the Oxford Movement to reestablish Catholic elements into Anglicanism. After studying theology of the early church fathers he came to accept that the Catholic doctrine was more in line with their original vision than the Anglican church was. In 1845 he officially converted to Catholicism was seen as an epic betrayal among the Anglican faithful. Nonetheless he was ordained a priest and quickly worked to strengthen Catholic secular and academic institutions. In 1879 he was elevated to cardinal by Pope Leo XIII, for his courageous decision to join and contribute to the Catholic doctrine. Some of his most famous ideas were the constant development and learning of the faith, as well as the importance of conscience, faith, and reason.
• Cause of Death: Old age
• Patronage: Converts, intellectuals, university students, those struggling with their faith
• Symbols: Book, academic gown, cardinal's robes, light or flame
• Philosophical School: Aristotelianism, Augustinianism, Empiricism, Christian humanism
• Feast Day: Oct 9
• Famous Churches:
• Birmingham Oratory (Birmingham, England)- 1850; rebuilt in 1907- Where Newman lived most of his adult life and is buried here in dedicated shrine