Wednesday, February 23, 2011

Foreign Affairs: Breaking Point in Libya

Libya has now taken center stage, in the Middle East/North African protests, as the next regime to collapse. However unlike Egypt and Tunisia, this one will not be near as peaceful. The protests began on Feb. 15, as peaceful demonstrations, however were violently dispersed by police. It thus became quite clear from the start that Col. Muammar al Gaddafi, would not fold whatsoever to the people. Leading the country for the past 40 years, Gaddafi has gained somewhat of a reputation as a sadistic madman.

Over the past few days now, things have grown quite violent in the cities of Libya, ranging from riots, building takeovers, civil disobedience, and total mutiny. On Feb. 22, Gaddafi addressed his nation, claiming that he will fight his opponents, "until the last drop of blood has been spilled". Many of his officials, diplomats, and staff have resigned in the midst of this crisis, however Gaddafi still has control of the military and the police. He is quite familiar with rebellion, having led a successful coup d'etat in 1969 against the King of Turkey. Over the past 40 years Gaddafi has kept a tight grip on his country, with a strong military presence, and a thriving economy of petroleum. However he has finally lost touch and favor with his people, demanding more democracy, better education, and less corruption.

Of all the uprisings thus far, throughout this Arabian Revolution, this one could prove to be the bloodiest of them all. Gaddafi is an extremely proud and insane leader, who would rather die then give up his power. He has already resorted to openly killing any that oppose him in the streets. This has lead to massive outcry throughout the world, condemning Gaddafi's radical actions. Libya is thus at a breaking point, on the verge of civil war. Gaddafi may have control of the Libyan military, however the people have the support of the US.

Monday, February 14, 2011

Study of Greek Culture

From it's mythology, history, philosophy, and ideology one may argue that the ancient civilizations of Greece have done more for the advancement of mankind than any other culture to this date. It is an extremely fascinating culture, located in the midst of the Aegean Sea that was once the center of the universe. A remarkable story that is still celebrated today, led by great names such as Homer, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Leonidas, and Alexander. They are a magnificent people that have inspired a worldwide concept of beauty, power, and glory.

Greek Mythology

I have always been fascinated with Greek Mythology, and intend to write a complete entry on the study of it. It is without question the most fascinating folklore/mythology of any ancient culture. Most of it derives from the famous epic-poems of Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey. The general understanding is that the world first consisted of Titans, Gods, and Giants. The titan-god Kronos was betrayed by his son Zeus and cast down into imprisonment. Zeus and his brothers and sisters therefore created a new system of existence from on-top of Mount Olympia. They created mortals, heroes, and civilizations to glorify them. Much of Greek mythology revolves around these heroes, such as Achilles, Herakles, Jason, Agamemnon, Odysseus, Ajax, Hector, and Paris. In each of these stories lies Greek themes of love, courage, and honor.

Greek History

Although there is no significant evidence of whether these mythological stories are true, they still resemble the ancient practices of Greek culture. Of the earliest historical recordings, these gods and heroes are often referenced and used as inspiration.

The organization of Greek civilization first began as the "polis" or city-states, that were mostly independent from one another. The greatest of these city-states were Athens and Sparta, who were constantly at dispute with one. The first major unification of these city-states came during the Greco-Persian Wars in 500 BC, where the Persian Empire led by Darius and Xerxes led a massive conquest of Greece. During the Battle of Marathon, in 490BC, an Athenian messenger was sent to Sparta to ask for aid. His long run became the inspiration for the 26.2 mile race still done today.

During the famous Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC, King Leonidas led 300 of his best Spartans, as well as several other tribes, to stand against the massive Persian armies of Xerxes. For seven days they held hundreds of thousands of Persians from advancing, until finally they were betrayed and flanked from behind. King Leonidas' glorious blockade is one of history's most remarkable stands. Although the Persians were ultimately successful in capturing Greece, they were later repelled in the naval Battle of Salamis. The Greeks then went on the offensive in the Battle of Plataea and finally drove out the Persian invasion.

Following the Persian Wars, Greek city-states began to create a sytem of unification known as the Delian League, however this led to further dispute amongst the two largest powers, Athens and Sparta. In 431 BC, the Peloponnesian War was fight by Athens and their allies against Sparta and their allies. The war lasted until 404 BC, with the dissolution of the Delian League and continued city-state independence.

By 348 BC, a new power from the north emerged from Macedonia, led by King Philip II. He quickly conquered and united the exhausted cities of Greece and established the foundation of the Greek Empire. However before he could set out onto further conquest into Persia, he was assassinated by one of his body guards, and his son Alexander became king. Alexander was only 20 years old, however was taught by the wise Aristotle and had already proved his valor in numerous battles. He would eventually lead one of the greatest conquests in history.

Inspired by the wisdom of Aristotle, the stories of Greek mythology, his sorceress mother Olympia, and his valiant father Philip, Alexander was simply born for greatness. At the age of 20 he picked up where his father had left off, and began his famous campaign into Persia. His strategic victory at the Battle of Guagamela, highlighted his utter genius. By 331 BC he marched into the beautiful city of Babylon and had captured half of Persia. His campaign continued further east in pursue of Darius. Once Darius was eliminated Alexander made himself "King of Kings" in Persia, by instilling Greek ideology to its people, while still adopting many of the Persian customs.

His conquest continued further east into India, known as the Hindu Kush, a land that was only known from ancient tales. During the Battle of Hydaspes in 326 BC, his Macedon army faced a strong resistance in modern-day Pakistan, led by King Porus and his notorious war-elephants. The Macedonians were once again victorious, yet this would be the last major battle for Alexander's army. His soldiers began to revolt at this point, leading him to decide it was in the best interest of his empire to return to Babylon.

While in Babylon, Alexander began to plan a new campaign in Arabia. However with the death of his lover, Hephaestion, he began to lose sanity and eventually grew very ill. He died in Babylon in 323 BC at the age of 32. With no legitimate heir, his empire was divided into four parts amongst his generals. A kingdom in Egypt, the Seleucid Empire in the east, a kingdom in Asia Minor, and an empire in Macedonia.

With the death of Alexander, Macedonia eventually lost control of it's unified Greece. This made it easy for the new rising power in the West, to conquer the independent city-states. The Roman Empire thus replaced the Macedonian Empire, as the ultimate power in the Mediterranean. The Greeks allied with Carthage during the Punic Wars, from 246-146 BC, yet were ultimately unsuccessful in repelling their Roman conquerors.

Greece thus became a province of the Roman Empire from 146 BC to 330 AD. In 330 Greece eventually came under the control of the Eastern Roman Empire, lead by Constantine the Great. Constantine reformed the Roman empire in the east, in the capital city of Byzantium (which later became Constantinople) with a new emphasis on Christianity. This Eastern empire eventually became known as the Byzantine Empire, and lasted for over a thousands years, with the land of Greece at it's center.

By 1453, following the Fourth Crusade, the capital city of Constantinople was conquered by the Turkish Ottoman Empire. Under Ottoman rule, Greece became divided into two religious; Christianity and Islam. Many Greeks began to migrate into western Europe at this point, to escape Ottoman rule, thus taking part in a growing period of enlightenment known as the Renaissance.

On March 25, 1821 the Greeks led by Theodore Kolokotronis, rebelled against the Ottomans. The Greek War of Independence lasted for several years, and with the support of the British, Russian, and French Empires, the Greeks finally won their independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1832. Territorial disputes with the Ottoman Empire continued throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.

During World War I, Greece took the side of the Triple Entente against the Ottoman Empire and against the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. During World War II, Greece was invaded by the Italian Armies of Benito Mussolini in 1940, yet were able to repel the Italian invasion. However during the Battle of Greece, Mussolini was aided by German paratroopers, who finally seized control of the country in April 30th of 1941. The country was then occupied by Nazi Germany until 1944.

Following World War II, the Greek Civil War took place from 1944 to 1949. This was generally fought over political ideology, communism vs. capitalism. The Soviet Union supported the Democratic Army of Greece, while the United States supported the National Army of Greece. By 1949 the National Army of Greece had won the war, secured their nation, and made a strong alliance with the west against the spread of communism.

Greek Philosophy

The philosophy of ancient Greece covers a wide range of subject matter, from politics, ethics, metaphysics, ontology, logic, biology, mathematics, rhetoric, cosmology, aesthetics, and theology. To this day it is considered as the foundation of modern reasoning. The tradition of learning first took shape in Athens, and by the 5th century had grown to major prominence. A young man named Socrates, began to create an entirely new approach to philosophy by openly sharing it with the cities and it's people. He is considered the founder of political philosophy.

One of his most famous students, was Plato, who continued the tradition of spreading philosophy. Plato is known for his influence in laying a foundation in Western philosophy, science, and mathematics. His student Aristotle took Greek philosophy a step further by providing insight and explanations to practical concerns. Aristotle also served as the mentor to the young Alexander. Unlike Plato's metaphysical style of thought, Aristotle's reasoning was a practical style of thought. To this day both styles of thought are extremely significant, and have greatly impacted mankind.

Greek Architecture

Although Greece took a notable role in the Renaissance, their greatest artistic achievement is in the area of architecture. Their most amazing creations were in their temples and theaters, built of marble, stone, and pillar, many of which are still standing today.
  • The Parthenon
  • Acropolis of Athens
  • The Erechtheum
  • The Temple of Hephaestus
  • The Temple of Olympian Zeus
Greek Cuisine

Greek cuisine is perhaps one of my favorite types of ethnic foods (perhaps slightly behind Thai), with a strong and distinctive flavor. It incorporates a sour pinch by using various forms of wine, olive oil, vinegars, vegetables, and strong cheeses. The Greek salad, soaked in vinegar, olives, onions, peppers, and cheese, is an essential. And no words can describe my passion for gyros, a roasted pork, that is served with onions, tomatoes, tzatziki sauce, and pita bread. It was during my time in Chicago, where I first discovered this incredibly orgasmic food! Finally there is the desert that is often accredited to the Turkish, yet still remains a Greek commodity, the famed Baklava.

Greek Movies

Most movies concerning Greek Culture, generally focus on the tales of Mythology or Alexander the Great. Here are a few noteworthy films, that capture the essence of Greek Culture.

  • Hercules (1997) Walt Disney animation about the heroic son of Zeus
  • Captain Corelli's Mandolin (2001) Starring Nicolas Cage and Penelope Cruz, tells of a love story between an Italian officer, and a Greek citizen, during the WWII.
  • Troy (2004) Wolfgang Peterson's interpretation of the Iliad, starring Brad Pitt, Eric Bana, Orlando Bloom, and Peter O'Toole.
  • Alexander (2004) Oliver Stone's biopic of Alexander the Great starring Colin Farell.
  • 300 (2007) A visual stunner directed by Zach Snyder and starring Gerard Butler as the King Leonidas
  • Percy Jackson (2010) A story in the likes of Harry Potter, that revolves around modern-day Greek mythology. I read the book, and have no intention to see the film.
  • Clash of the Titans (2010) A terrible blockbuster, about the story of Perseus vs. Medusa. I fell asleep during this film.

Greek Sports

The Greeks can be accredited with the creation of sports as a spectacle by infusing athletics, such as running, jumping, throwing, and wrestling. Greeks glorified champions of athletic competition in public stadiums and theaters. The first ever Olympic games took place in 776 BC and lasted until 393 BC. The games did not experience a revival until Greece won back their independence during the mid 1800s. By 1896, Greece hosted the first organized international summer Olympic games in Athens. The tradition continues to this day every four years with the Summer Olympics and the Winter Olympics.

Friday, February 11, 2011

Foreign Affairs: Mubarak Resigns!!

Well after 18 days of intense protest, the Egyptian people have finally got their wish. This historical morning, on Feb. 11th, the President of Egypt fled his country and publicly resigned his seat of power. So now the question is what will be next for Egypt. Hopefully the chaos will quickly quell and the people will find a transitional government that best suits their needs. Perhaps a stronger democracy that favors the lower and middle classes, or perhaps an Islamic state in the likes of Iran or Iraq. Hopefully peaceful diplomatic ties are continued with the United States. Nonetheless, it's always inspiring to watch the people unite against tyranny and injustice. This is quite an exciting and historic day for the Middle East!

Thursday, February 3, 2011

Foreign Affairs: The Arabian Revolution

It began on December 17th, in the streets of Tunisia, where a self-immolation turned to be the ultimate catalyst for a widespread revolution throughout Arabia. The wave of revolutions began with the Tunisian uprising (now known as the Jasmine Revolution) in December 18th, and has spread into other various sovereigns within Northern Africa and the Middle East. Some protests are mild and peaceful, while others are extremely violent. All of which are in opposition to their corrupt governments and unfair regimes. Here is a brief summary of the countries involved in this widespread revolution.

  • Tunisia: Began on December 18th with major street protests. 219 killed. The government was ousted
  • Algeria: Began on December 28th with major street protests. 5 killed.
  • Libya: Began on Jan 13th with country-wide protests over housing and corruption.
  • Jordan: Began on Jan. 14th with minor protests. Led to a change of cabinet.
  • Mauritania: Began on Jan. 17th.
  • Sudan: Began on Jan. 17th with minor protests
  • Oman: Began on Jan 17th with minor protests
  • Yemen: Began on Jan 18th with major street demonstrations. President has thus far announced that he will not seek another term.
  • Saudi Arabia: Began on Jan. 21st with street demonstrations
  • Egypt: Began on Jan. 25th as a major national protest and uprising. Thus far there has been a change of cabinet and the President has announced that he will not seek another term.
  • Syria: Began on Jan. 26th
  • Morocco: Began on Jan. 30th
  • Djibouti: Began on Feb 1st.
The Tunisian "Jasmine" Revolution was started over unemployment, food inflation, corruption, freedom of speech, and poor living conditions. On January 15th, the Tunisian people successfully ousted their President Zine El Abidine en Ali, and established a new government. This revolution has also inspired a wave of similar protests throughout the Arab World, most notably in Egypt.

On January 25th, massive protests began in Cairo, Egypt, focusing on legal and political issues such as police brutality, state of emergency laws, lack of free elections, lack of free speech, corruption, unemployment, food price inflation, and low minimum wages. What has become known as the Lotus Revolution, the protesters are calling for an end to President Mubarak's regime, and an entirely new government. This insurgency is by far the most critical situation of the entire Arabian Revolution, pertaining not only to reform in Egypt, yet to overall global interests. As of now, the city of Cairo has been labeled a "War-Zone" with strong opposition against the demonstrators. President Mubarak has fought the insurgency with strict regulations of curfew, banning of the internet, and militia forces to quell the chaos. The Egyptian military has also been involved, yet are doing their best to avoid armed confrontation, and seek a peaceful solution. Mubarak has still refused to step down, however has made several cabinet changes as well as announced that he will not seek reelection in September. The situation continues to spiral out of control, and is without question one of the most significant revolutions in the Middle East, since perhaps the Iran Revolution of 1979. The outcome has still to be decided, yet my prediction is that these Egyptians will not stop until Mubarak steps down, and a transitional government is put into effect.

Tuesday, February 1, 2011

Random Notes

Ice storm of the month, the year, and the decade! Of course it's only been a day into the month, a month into the year, and a year into the decade... However, this storm is still quite significant to say the least... Of all the Midwest states involved, Indianapolis is at the center of the storm, getting bombarded by sheets of snow and ice. As a child snow days, and ice days were a dream come true, yet I found as an adult they're not very pleasant. They're simply inconvenient, especially at a time, where I really need to be making money!

I've been tutoring after-school, for several months now, and it's going great, yet I have seen far too many cancellations. Every now-and-then this is okay, however when it's money I depend on, it simply is unacceptable. The Mind Program pays quite well, yet it's only 2 hours a day, and quite unreliable and inconsistent work. I find myself at a crossroads, in making a decision I could regret.

This past week has been crazy, with my recent move to River Road Apartments. It's located by 96th and Keystone, thus finally making me an official resident of Indianapolis. I will miss my classy apartment at Sand Creek Woods, yet had grown quite disgusted with the snobby atmosphere there. River Roads is by no means the nitty-gritty of Indy, however it's a significant improvement from the uppity northern suburbs. The place is much more affordable then my last apartment, yet still the question remains whether I will be able to afford it.

My new apartment is located on the 1st floor, with a decent backyard. It somewhat reminds me of my place in Chicago, however much larger. At the same time however it's smaller than my place in Sand Creek Woods, and I find my furniture to be quite clustered. I may have to get rid of some stuff, to make more room. However still have lots of arranging to do.

Times are rough, no doubt about it... Especially financial times... My pursue in an education career has gone south, and I now find myself in a desperate need for just about anything. Over the past three months I have juggled several part time jobs from Sportvision, tutoring with the Mind Program, writing guest-blogs, and writing audio transcripts. And still it does not seem to be enough. However I keep trucking on, always in search for a better tomorrow...

So obviously I won't have internet in my new place for the next few weeks, and blogs will once again be less frequent. I have however found a really nice Coffee Shop nearby, of which I am sitting at right now. The place has a local feel to it, (Middle Eastern) with a piano, artwork, and a hookah bar. It takes me back to my times at Eunni in Chicago, full of culture. This is the exact reason I moved to the city!

Last but not least, I turn my attention to global affairs, most notably the Middle East, where the people stand united in defiance against their unfair governments. A series of revolutions have taken shape in Northern Africa and the Middle East, beginning with Tunisia. The crisis has inspired other insurgencies such as in Yemen, Jordan, and especially in Egypt. The world watches as millions stand united in the streets of Cairo, against the corrupt government of Mubarak. It will be especially interesting to see how this situation plays out, whether Mubarak will step down, and what it could mean for US-Egyptian relations.